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	<title>Cronomy &#187; Banke i Financije</title>
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		<title>Zašto Hrvatska nema domaće banke?</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2011/02/22/zasto-hrvatska-nema-domace-banke/</link>
		<comments>http://cronomy.org/2011/02/22/zasto-hrvatska-nema-domace-banke/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Feb 2011 10:38:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Banke i Financije]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Pravo pitanje je zašto bi imala. Čitam članak u Vanity Fair o Irskoj &#8211; prema &#8216;uputama&#8217; Bakića. Ne mogu a ne biti cinik (dobro, nije da mi je baš teško) i pomisliti da dobro da Hrvatska nema sve (vodeće) banke poput Irske u domaćim rukama. Irske banke, neke stare i preko sto godina, su bile [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&amp;blog=994071&amp;post=1872&amp;subd=cronomy&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Pravo pitanje je zašto bi imala.<br />
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Čitam članak u <a href="http://www.vanityfair.com/business/features/2011/03/michael-lewis-ireland-201103"><em>Vanity Fair</em> o Irskoj</a> &#8211; prema <a href="http://trzistakapitala.wordpress.com/2011/02/15/nekretnine-2/#comments">&#8216;uputama&#8217; Bakića</a>. Ne mogu a ne biti cinik (dobro, nije da mi je baš teško) i pomisliti da dobro da Hrvatska nema sve (vodeće) banke poput Irske u domaćim rukama. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Irske banke, neke stare i preko sto godina, su bile u domaćem vlasništvu, a opet su isto uspjele baciti Irsku unazad za 20-30 godina sa svojom kreditnom politikom &#8211; kreditirajmo i kupujmo &#8216;samo&#8217; domaće. Političari su prvo indirektno potpomagali njihovu ludost u napuhivanju balona sa slabom regulacijom, a potom i direktno potopile Irsku sa garancijom svih tih gubitaka. Pola od svakog dolara uloženg je izgubljeno.<br />
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">U Hrvatskoj je, naravno, svima problem upravo to što <em>nemamo </em>domaćih banaka. Bar onih velikih, jakih.</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> Prodali smo ih sve strancima. Domaća banka &#8211; u biti poistovjetljena sa državnom &#8211; je &#8220;jedini način kako investirati u sve one važne projekte u koje strane banke ne žele. Ne možemo se razviti kad smo prodali sve &#8216;naše&#8217; banke i sada smo dužnici strancima.&#8221; Dirljiv argument. Što bi mi to napravili sa domaćom/državnom bankom? Teško se oteti dojmu da bi domaće banke, pogotovo ako su pod ingerencijom <em>hrvatskih</em> političara,<span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> bile nekakva garancija razborite i razvojne kreditne politike da uspješnim ishodom. Bolje da ih nema.<br />
</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">P.S. ako imate $25 viška svakako kupite i pročitajte <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Big-Short-Inside-Doomsday-Machine/dp/0393072231">The Big Short</a> </em>Michaela Lewisa. Kratki <a href="http://www.vanityfair.com/business/features/2010/04/wall-street-excerpt-201004">dio objavljen isto u <em>Vanity</em></a>.<br />
</span></p>
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		<title>Švaljek i Škreb na konferenciji</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2009/04/05/svaljek-i-skreb-na-konferenciji/</link>
		<comments>http://cronomy.org/2009/04/05/svaljek-i-skreb-na-konferenciji/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2009 07:04:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Banke i Financije]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Država]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Intervju]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Finance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hrvatska Ekonomija/Economy]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cronomy.org/?p=1218</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Gledam malo i tražim što se sve govorilo na TEBovoj konferenciji &#8220;Kako se suprostaviti krizi?&#8221; Zanimljivo i vrlo bitno pitanje za Hrvatsku. Švaljek je sasvim u pravu da rebalans nije nikakva antirecesijska mjera, već &#8216;samo stabilizacijska&#8217;. Više toga bi se tu moglo reći i određene nijasne u načinu razmišljanja ekonomista i Vlade bi se izrazile, ali dovoljno je naglasiti da za puni oporavak nismo u [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&amp;blog=994071&amp;post=1218&amp;subd=cronomy&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Gledam malo i tražim što se sve govorilo na TEBovoj konferenciji &#8220;Kako se suprostaviti krizi?&#8221; Zanimljivo i vrlo bitno pitanje za Hrvatsku.<span id="more-1218"></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"><a href="http://jutarnji.hr/novac/vijesti/clanak/art-2009,4,4,vlada_eizg,158405.jl">Švaljek je sasvim </a>u pravu da rebalans nije nikakva antirecesijska mjera, već &#8216;samo stabilizacijska&#8217;. Više toga bi se tu moglo reći i određene nijasne u načinu razmišljanja ekonomista i Vlade bi se izrazile, ali dovoljno je naglasiti da za puni oporavak nismo u mogućnosti puno napraviti sami. Preciznije, <em>ne smijemo</em> napraviti puno toga sami zbog tog visokog vanjskog duga, ali i zbog percepcije i pouzdanja financijskih tržišta. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:13px;"><em>Po njezinoj najavi, EIZ će u novom izdanju svoje publikacije Croatian Economic Outlook svoju raniju prognozu o padu BDP-a u 2009. godini od 1,4 posto korigirati na stope pada između 2 i 3 posto. <strong>Prognoza instituta bit će nepovoljnija od Vladine, koja računa na pad od 2 posto</strong>, kaže Švaljek.</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Ovo ne bi trebalo iznenaditi nikoga. Zar ne bi bilo bolje da EI &#8216;pogriješi&#8217; u svojim tmurnijim prognozama nego da Vlada pogriješi svojim projekcijama na kojim bazira očekivanja prihoda i potpom rashoda proračuna? </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">I Marko Škreb, glavni ekonomist PBZa, je isto izlagao na konferencij i <a href="http://www.jutarnji.hr/novac/bizzbuzz/clanak/art-2009,4,3,skreb_intervju,158242.jl">dao intervju Jutarnjem</a>. Kaže:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12px;"><span class="bold"><em>Tvrdite, kao i mnogi drugi, da svijet nakon krize više neće biti isti. Je li to kraj liberalnog kapitalizma?</em></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12px;"><em>- Liberalni kapitalizam s početka 21. stoljeća je gotov. Čeka nas znatno jača regulacija financijskih sustava, posebno nebankarskog sektora, neće biti trgovanja derivatima kao do sada&#8230;</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">I pitanje i odgovor malo iritiraju jer daju pogrešnu sliku o kapitalizmu. Pitanje kako će svjetska ekonomija izgledati nakon ove financijske krize koja se prelila u duboku svjetsku recesiju je vrlo dobro pitanje ne samo za salonske rasprave već i za političare koji novim politikama i regulacija mogu utjecati na odgovor. Ali, do nikakvog kraja neće doći jer nema veze sa liberalnim ili neliberalnim kapitalizmom. Škreb je trebao ispraviti novinarku i reći da ona zapravo misli na financijski kapitalizam i njegovu budućnost kad postavlja takvo pitanje, ne &#8220;cijeli&#8221; dinamični ekonomski sistem koji osim financija uključuje i realni, proizvodni i uslužni, sektor. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Pitanje se odnosi primarno na razvijene zemlje, a daleko manje na nas. Od sredine &#8217;80tih, kada smo mi (i istočna europa) ubrzano i sigurno nazadovali u ekonomiji i politici, razvijene zemlje su zakoračile i cca. 25 godina dug &#8216;bull market&#8217;. Posljedica toga je da su financije i financijska tržišta postala sinonimi za ekonomiju. Ono što se zbivalo na financijskim tržištima je ukazivalo na uspijeh ili neuspijeh ekonomije, a investicijski bankari, traderi i hedge-fond menadžeri su, zajedno sa njihovim institutcijama, postali superzvijezde. Kapitalizma koji je pokretao globalnu ekonomiju kroz <a href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1704398,00.html">Nylongkong </a>je primarno bio tkz. <em>financijski kapitalizma.</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Nije pogrešno reći da je sada najvjerojatnije došao kraj tom <em>financijskom kapitalizmu</em> i viđenju ekonomije kroz , no to ne znači da je došao kraj nekakvom liberalnom kapitalizmu ili da jedno ima veze sa drugim. Fokus prebaciti na onaj drugi dio kapitalizma - realnu ekonomiju. U tom smislu, sa razlikovanjem te dvije strane kovanice koja se sada preokrenula, najvjerojatnije je za očekivati, kao što je Škreb i rekao, veću regulaciju aktera na financijskim tržištima i obuzdavanja prije nereguliranih sektora (npr. shadow banking). No ne treba očekivati da će država skočiti (nazad) u nacionalizaciju najvećih industrija, energetskih pogona, direktive u inovacije, kapaciteta, industrijske strukture ili da će se vratiti u doba hiperaktivizma sa idejom da zaustavi ili oteža natjecanje u tržištima dobara i faktora ili hiperregulative. Ako su neki financijski instrumenti, mehanizmi ili (ne)bankarski sektori loše funkcionirali, ne znači da je došlo vrijeme za regulirati veličinu sendviča u avionu kako bi se prigušila inovacija i konkurencija. Ako je potrebno nacionalizirati neke banke kako bi se sanirale i kako bi se spriječio slom, ne znači da treba nacionalizirati i avio kompaniju. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"><a href="http://www.columbia.edu/~esp2/ErhardLectureBerlin2007Oct12FriLast.pdf">Edmund Phelps </a>ima vrlo dobro objašnjenje o načinu i greškama u razmišljanju o kapitalizmu.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12px;"><span style="font-size:small;"><em>The preponderance of economists have not understood very well the embryonic theory of the desirability of a well-functioning capitalism – capitalism in countries where it can function well. What passes for such a theory among economists with a libertarian leaning is an argument for a free-market economy in the sense of an economy with a very small government. This argument is based on neoclassical theory, in which there is little for the government to do! In this view, all that is required for a well-functioning economy is the establishment of private property rights, including the right to own and manage capital and the &#8220;rule of law&#8221;; with these minimal institutions in operation, the economy will surely navigate the optimum path of intertemporal equilibrium. But this argument has nothing to do with capitalism. Capitalism is all about novelty, exploration, innovative ventures and discovery – features absent from neoclassical theory.</em></span></span></p>
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		<title>Kao naručeno o privatizaciji-nacionalizaciji banaka</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2009/03/29/kao-naruceno-o-privatizaciji-nacionalizaciji-banaka/</link>
		<comments>http://cronomy.org/2009/03/29/kao-naruceno-o-privatizaciji-nacionalizaciji-banaka/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 29 Mar 2009 06:10:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Banke i Financije]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[In English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Država]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[FinancialCrisis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nacionalizacija]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Politička Ekonomija]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Pošto dugujem komentar o privatizaciji/nacionaliziciji banka vezano za Škegrov nastup u Nu2, ne želim ovdje dužiti previše, samo ukazati na kratki članak u NYT ekonomskog kolumnista David Leonharda koji odlično sumira vrste i motive nacionalizacije banaka. Vrlo je lako nenamjerno pobrkati prave razloge i ciljeve nacionalizacije banaka te ono što se zbiva u jednoj zemlji iskoristiti za političke ciljeve [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&amp;blog=994071&amp;post=1202&amp;subd=cronomy&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"><a href="http://cronomy.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/bank-nation.png"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1203" title="bank-nation" src="http://cronomy.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/bank-nation.png?w=500" alt="bank-nation"   /></a>Pošto dugujem komentar o privatizaciji/nacionaliziciji banka vezano za Škegrov nastup u Nu2, ne želim ovdje dužiti previše, samo ukazati na kratki <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/01/magazine/01wwln-lede-t.html?_r=1&amp;scp=7&amp;sq=David%20Leonhardt&amp;st=cse">članak u NYT ekonomskog kolumnista David Leonharda</a> koji odlično sumira vrste i motive nacionalizacije banaka. Vrlo je lako <span style="text-decoration:line-through;">ne</span>namjerno pobrkati prave razloge i ciljeve nacionalizacije banaka te ono što se zbiva u jednoj zemlji iskoristiti za političke ciljeve u drugoj. To je ono što se dogodilo u Nu2 sa Škegrom i Stankovićem i oko čega je bilo najžustrije rasprave. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Izdvojeno:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;"><em>There are really two different kinds of nationalization. The first draws on a belief that the government can run large enterprises more justly and efficiently than self-interested capitalists can. This is the nationalization of Lenin, Chávez and Mitterrand, and its record is pretty dismal. France’s economy staggered through the 1980s, as government-run banks backed political pet projects that didn’t work out.</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;"><em>The second version of nationalization is the one that today’s advocates point to. It is a temporary takeover born out of crisis. Sweden pursued this kind of strategy in the early 1990s to clean up its banking system. Even the United States has nationalized banks on occasion, including </em><a title="More articles about IndyMac Bancorp Inc." href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/indymac-bancorp-inc/index.html?inline=nyt-org"><span style="color:#004276;"><em>IndyMac</em></span></a><em> Bank last year</em>.</span></p>
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		<title>Nisu kreditni rizici svih zemalja Istočne Europe jednako loši</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2009/03/11/nisu-kreditni-rizici-svih-zemalja-istocne-europe-jednako-losi/</link>
		<comments>http://cronomy.org/2009/03/11/nisu-kreditni-rizici-svih-zemalja-istocne-europe-jednako-losi/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Mar 2009 21:19:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Banke i Financije]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Finance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kriza]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Zaduživanje]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Krediti]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Vanjski dug]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cronomy.org/?p=1158</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[U tipičnom primjeru mentaliteta &#8220;elektronskog krda&#8221; posljednjih tjedana svi su skočili na vagon da je čitava Istočna Europa (sve banke) u podjednakim kreditnim problemima. No kreditna rejting agencija Moody&#8217;s, koja je i pokrenula taj vagon, upozorava da to nije tako i traži više razlikovanja među kreditnim rizicima. Rizici su veći u zemljama koje su posljednjih [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&amp;blog=994071&amp;post=1158&amp;subd=cronomy&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">U tipičnom primjeru mentaliteta &#8220;elektronskog krda&#8221; posljednjih tjedana svi su skočili na vagon da je čitava Istočna Europa (sve banke) u podjednakim kreditnim problemima. No kreditna rejting agencija Moody&#8217;s, koja je i pokrenula taj vagon, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">upozorava da to nije tako i</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> traži više razlikovanja među kreditnim rizicima. Rizici su veći u zemljama koje su posljednjih godina imale ubrzani rast domaćeg kreditiranja, te u onima koje bi mogle izgubiti izvore stranog zaduživanja. Nažalost, Hrvatska je upravo među njima. (I da ispravimo autora: Hrvatska se ne nada postati članicom EU u dogledno vrijeme, a sigurno ne ovo ljeto)</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Utjeha? Moody&#8217;s je zabrljao puno rejtinga u zadnje vrijeme. Da su barem u krivu i sada.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"><a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123670841166485903.html#articleTabs%3Darticle">Iz WSJ</a>:</span></p>
<h3 class="byline">East Europe Credit Risks Vary, Moody&#8217;s Warns</h3>
<h3 class="byline">By <a href="http://online.wsj.com/search/search_center.html?KEYWORDS=CHRISTOPHER+EMSDEN&amp;ARTICLESEARCHQUERY_PARSER=bylineAND">CHRISTOPHER EMSDEN</a></h3>
<p>Moody&#8217;s ratings agency, which triggered a storm of selloffs and criticism last month with a warning on banks exposed to Eastern Europe, called Tuesday for more differentiation of credit risks in the region.</p>
<p>The call came as several European Union finance ministers meeting in Brussels said the EU should do more to help Eastern Europe, where the downturn has hit particularly hard, though the EU has continued to resist creating any new fund for the region.</p>
<p>A new report by Moody&#8217;s Investors Service Inc. said risks were highest in economies that have experienced rapid domestic credit growth and those that may not be able to rely on external support. The report targeted Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia, all rated Baa3, as particularly vulnerable to credit-rating downgrades.</p>
<p>&#8220;There is no justification for treating all Central and Eastern European governments as if their creditworthiness was uniform,&#8221; said Pierre Cailleteau, managing director of Moody&#8217;s sovereign risk group.</p>
<p>Romania will become the latest country from the region to seek a financial rescue package from the EU, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, Romanian and IMF officials said Monday. It follows fellow EU members Hungary and Latvia, as well as non-EU countries Ukraine and Serbia.</p>
<p><strong>Croatia&#8217;s central-bank Governor Zeljko Rohatinski said his country&#8217;s government would need to slash spending and cut fiscal deficits to zero to avoid an IMF bailout. Mr. Rohatinski said the former Yugoslav nation&#8217;s gross domestic product is likely to contract between 2% and 3% in 2009. Croatia hopes to join the EU this summer.</strong></p>
<p>Investors have punished financial assets around emerging Europe, citing persistent current-account deficits and the need to refinance large amounts of short-term loans, as wealthier economies are retrenching.</p>
<p>Last week, six central banks in the region issued an unusual joint statement protesting the way analysts had painted regional markets &#8212; from relatively stable Poland to struggling Ukraine &#8212; as the same.</p>
<p>The Moody&#8217;s report said the fate of sovereign ratings in the region will now depend on how the euro-zone banks that control may regional lenders respond to calls to maintain funding flows, and whether the EU will offer help.</p>
<p>EU leaders, including several from Eastern Europe, recently rejected a proposal from Hungary to set up a special fund for the region. The EU has provided €9.6 billion ($12 billion) to Hungary and Latvia as part of IMF-led bailouts, drawing from a €25 billion EU fund for economies in trouble. Finance ministers from Sweden and Britain said Tuesday that the EU should do more, but the bloc continues to say that it will treat countries on a case-by-case basis.</p>
<p><cite class="tagline">—Natasha Brereton and Adam Cohen contributed to this article.</cite></p>
<p><strong>Write to </strong>Christopher Emsden at <a href="mailto:chris.emsden@dowjones.com">chris.emsden@dowjones.com</a></p>
<p><cite class="paperLocation">Printed in The Wall Street Journal, page A11 &#8211; </cite>MARCH 11, 2009</p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> </span></p>
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		<title>Istočna Europa dobiva $31.2 (€24.5) za spas</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2009/03/01/istocna-europa-dobiva-312-e245-za-spas/</link>
		<comments>http://cronomy.org/2009/03/01/istocna-europa-dobiva-312-e245-za-spas/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2009 17:39:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Banke i Financije]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Foreign Aid]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Javne Financije]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eastern Europe]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cronomy.org/?p=1106</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Tri banke/institucije, najveći multinacionalni investitori i zajmodavci u Istočnoj Europi, EBRD, World Bank i European Investment Bank daju €24.5 za spas bankarskog sektora i kreditiranja biznisa Centralne i Istočne Europe. &#8220;Davanja&#8221; se sastoje od zajmova, kupovanja učešća i direktnog kreditiranja malih i srednjih poduzeća, kroz dvogodišnji plan. Za vidjeti je još koliko će Hrvatska dobiti [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&amp;blog=994071&amp;post=1106&amp;subd=cronomy&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Tri banke/institucije, najveći </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">multinacionalni </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> investitori i zajmodavci u Istočnoj Europi, EBRD, World Bank i European Investment Bank daju €24.5 za spas bankarskog sektora i kreditiranja biznisa Centralne i Istočne Europe. &#8220;Davanja&#8221; se sastoje od zajmova, kupovanja učešća i direktnog kreditiranja malih i srednjih poduzeća, kroz dvogodišnji plan. Za vidjeti je još koliko će Hrvatska dobiti od tog ne pretjerano značajnog iznosa, te koliko će si Dr. Spin pripisati zasluga za &#8220;osiguravanje sredstava&#8221; iako ga u biti spašavaju . Pod stavkom 5. <a href="http://www.vlada.hr/hr/naslovnica/novosti_i_najave/2009/veljaca/vlada_donijela_paket_antirecesijskih_mjera">antirecesijskih mjera</a> za HBOR se traži dodatnih </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">€</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">400 mil. upravo ovim putem. Da li traženje tih sredstava ovisi o rebalansu i općenito koliko-si-sami-možemo-pomoći principu?<br />
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Iz communiquea tri institucije:</span></p>
<p>This initiative complements national crisis responses and will deploy rapid, large-scale and coordinated financial assistance from the International Financial Institutions to support lending to the real economy through private banking groups, in particular to small and medium-sized enterprises. The financial support will include equity and debt finance, credit lines, and political risk insurance.</p>
<p>The response takes into account the different macroeconomic circumstances in and financial pressures on countries in eastern Europe, acknowledging the diversity of challenges stemming from the global financial retrenchment.</p>
<p><strong>EBRD President Thomas Mirow said:</strong> <em>&#8220;The institutions are working together to find practical, efficient and timely solutions to the crisis in eastern Europe. We are acting because we have a special responsibility for the region and because it makes economic sense. For many years the growing integration of Europe has been a source of prosperity and mutual benefit and we must not allow this process to be reversed.”</em></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Dalje članak sa <a href="http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/World-Bank-others-pledge-312/story.aspx?guid={26BC2C81-E5F6-4F8D-A373-975EFF76E9A1}">MarketWatch.com</a> </span></p>
<div class="StoryTop">
<div id="widgetInsert" class="p"><strong>NEW YORK (MarketWatch) &#8212; The World Bank and two other multinational institutions issued a joint pledge Friday to provide up to 24.5 billion euros ($31.2 billion) to support the banking sector in Eastern Europe and fund lending to businesses. </strong></div>
</div>
<div class="p">Analysts, however, were skeptical that the size of the announced support would be enough to address the region&#8217;s vast economic woes.</div>
<div class="p">The move by the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the European Investment Bank comes as Eastern European countries struggle to meet massive, foreign-denominated debt obligations. The International Monetary Fund has already provided loans to Latvia, Hungary, Serbia, Ukraine and Belarus.</div>
<div class="p">Formerly robust inflows of cash have dried up amid the global economic crisis, and the region&#8217;s currencies have come under heavy pressure &#8212; a situation some economists see as a potential repeat of the Asian financial crisis of the 1990s.</div>
<div class="p">Investors have grown increasingly concerned in recent days about the exposure of Western European corporations, including banks, to fragile Eastern European economies. The vulnerability of Western banks, particularly those based in Austria and Sweden, was spotlighted by ratings agency Moody&#8217;s Investors Service last week.</div>
<div class="p">
<div class="h3"><strong>&#8216;Time to come together&#8217;</strong></div>
<div class="p">The three organizations, the largest multilateral investors and lenders in Eastern Europe, said the package is designed to support lending to the real economy through private banking groups. Support will include equity and debt finance, credit lines and political-risk insurance.</div>
<div class="p">&#8220;This is a time for Europe to come together to ensure that the achievements of the last 20 years are not lost because of an economic crisis that is rapidly turning into a human crisis,&#8221; said World Bank President Robert Zoellick, according to a statement from that institution.</div>
<div class="p">Under the plan, the European Investment Bank is to provide about 11 billion euros in lending to small and midsize businesses in the central, eastern and southern parts of Europe. Some 5.7 billion euros are available for &#8220;rapid disbursement,&#8221; with an additional 2.8 billion euros set for approval by the end of April and further funds expected to follow, the bank said.</div>
<div class="p">Meanwhile, the EBRD has committed to provide up to 6 billion euros for the financial sector in 2009 and 2010 through equity and debt finance, loans to banks and directly to small and medium-size businesses and trade finance.</div>
<div class="p">The World Bank is to provide about 7.5 billion euros in support.</div>
<div class="p">&#8220;For many years the growing integration of Europe has been a source of prosperity and mutual benefit, and we must not allow this process to be reversed,&#8221; said EBRD President Thomas Mirow in a statement.</div>
<div class="p">Most of the ex-communist countries in Central and Eastern Europe have joined the European Union, thereby deepening their political and economic integration with the west.</div>
<div class="p">Dominique Strauss-Kahn, managing director of the IMF, said the joint initiative &#8220;will assist individual financial institutions and sectors, while IMF lending will continue to support countries at the macroeconomic level.&#8221;</div>
<div class="p">&#8220;Both aspects are important building blocks in the broader multilateral and bilateral efforts to support the region,&#8221; Strauss-Kahn said in a statement.</div>
<div class="h3"><strong>&#8216;Small change&#8217;</strong></div>
<div class="p">Analysts, however, expressed skepticism whether the announced support would be enough.</div>
<div class="p">&#8220;This money is really small change,&#8221; Timothy Ash, head of CEEMEA research at Royal Bank of Scotland. Total European bank exposure to Emerging Europe runs in excess of $1.5 trillion, he said.</div>
<div class="p">&#8220;Given the scale of the problems, it will take a big-ticket program &#8212; a mini-TARP for the region &#8212; to pull the current collective negative market psychosis around,&#8221; Ash said, referring to the Troubled Asset Relief Program adopted by the American government to help the banking sector.</div>
<div class="p"></div>
<div class="p"><a href="http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/World-Bank-others-pledge-312/story.aspx?guid={26BC2C81-E5F6-4F8D-A373-975EFF76E9A1}"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Ostatak teksta&#8230;</span></a></div>
<div class="p"></div>
</div>
<br />Postano uBanke i Financije, Foreign Aid, Javne Financije  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/cronomy.wordpress.com/1106/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/cronomy.wordpress.com/1106/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/cronomy.wordpress.com/1106/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/cronomy.wordpress.com/1106/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/cronomy.wordpress.com/1106/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/cronomy.wordpress.com/1106/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/cronomy.wordpress.com/1106/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/cronomy.wordpress.com/1106/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/cronomy.wordpress.com/1106/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/cronomy.wordpress.com/1106/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/cronomy.wordpress.com/1106/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/cronomy.wordpress.com/1106/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/cronomy.wordpress.com/1106/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/cronomy.wordpress.com/1106/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&amp;blog=994071&amp;post=1106&amp;subd=cronomy&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>Oh, oh</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2009/02/21/oh-oh/</link>
		<comments>http://cronomy.org/2009/02/21/oh-oh/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 21 Feb 2009 07:19:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Banke i Financije]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Finance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Monetarna]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eastern Europe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[News/Vijesti]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cronomy.org/?p=1072</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[U posljednjih tjedan dana došlo je do prave navale vijesti o ekonomijama i valutama Istočne Europe. Sve priče se vrte oko bojazni za veliku zaduženost tih zemalja, pogotovo u stranim valutama, te usporavanja ekonomskog rasta što će samo otežati otplatu dugova. U isto vrijeme, deprecijacije valuta diljem Istočne europe bi mogle povećati tu zaduženost. Kod [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&amp;blog=994071&amp;post=1072&amp;subd=cronomy&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">U posljednjih tjedan dana došlo je do prave navale vijesti o ekonomijama i valutama Istočne Europe. Sve priče se vrte oko bojazni za veliku zaduženost tih zemalja, pogotovo u stranim valutama, te usporavanja ekonomskog rasta što će samo otežati otplatu dugova. U isto vrijeme, deprecijacije valuta diljem Istočne europe bi mogle povećati tu zaduženost. Kod nas još kolaju ideje da će deprecijacija omogućiti rast kroz nekakav čarobni izvoz u ovo doba. <a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123514459666133921.html">Ovo je samo </a>posljednja vijest u nizu. </span></p>
<p><a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123514459666133921.html"><strong>Latvia&#8217;s Government Is the Latest in Europe to Fail </strong></a></p>
<p><em>Nation&#8217;s Latest Turmoil Over Economy, Following Leadership Collapses in Belgium and Iceland, Sparks New Fears of Contagion</em></p>
<p>By ALAN CULLISON<em><br />
</em></p>
<p>Latvia&#8217;s prime minister and cabinet resigned Friday, making it the third European government, after Iceland and Belgium, to be toppled by the economic crisis.</p>
<p>The fall of the Baltic country&#8217;s center-right coalition government &#8212; following weeks of political instability as the Latvian economy nosedives after years of strong growth &#8212; deepens worries that eastern Europe&#8217;s economic problems could send fresh shockwaves to its neighbors in the west.</p>
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<div class="insettipUnit"><cite></cite>Latvia&#8217;s Prime Minister Ivars Godmanis, who resigned, and President Valdis Zatlers, attend a news conference in Riga Friday. The government coalition collapsed, making it the third government to fall victim to the global financial crisis.</div>
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<p>Latvian President Valdis Zatlers called for talks to patch together a new government, after accepting the resignation of Prime Minister Ivars Godmanis, in office since December 2007. He stepped down after the two largest parties in the ruling coalition said they had lost confidence in him.</p>
<p><strong>Analysts say the political turmoil likely spells trouble for a €7.5 billion ($9.5 billion) International Monetary Fund loan program Latvia agreed to last year, which has helped underpin Latvia&#8217;s currency, the lat.</strong></p>
<p>The government collapse could scuttle an unpopular austerity program that Latvia agreed to in order to avoid a currency devaluation. In January, social and political tensions exploded into some of the worst rioting since the collapse of the Soviet Union on 1991.</p>
<p><strong>Any devaluation of the lat would likely have a knock-on effect elsewhere in the Baltics and in Scandinavia, whose banks were big lenders to Latvia and other Baltic states in the form of euro-denominated loans.</strong></p>
<p>The turmoil in Latvia comes amid fears that weakening currencies in Eastern Europe could cause new defaults with western banks, and worsen the economic spiral in Europe. Shares of Scandinavian banks sank on news of the government resignation Friday, as did the value of the Swedish currency, the kronor.</p>
<p>Latvia&#8217;s news comes after the economic crisis also claimed the governments of Belgium and Iceland. In late January, Iceland&#8217;s leadership resigned after virtually the nation&#8217;s entire banking system collapsed and the island&#8217;s currency went into free fall.</p>
<p>On Friday came new data that the contraction in Europe is accelerating. A major purchasing managers index measuring private-sector activity in the euro zone hit a record low in January, the Markit Economics research firm said.</p>
<p>The data coincided with another report showing French business confidence in January at its lowest ebb since sentiment was first gauged in 1976.</p>
<p>European Union finance ministers are planning to discuss the Eastern European banking sector and &#8220;possible coordinated action&#8221; on Sunday at a summit of EU leaders of the Group of 20 nations in Berlin, a senior German finance ministry official said Friday.</p>
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<p>He added that this coordination would include the World Bank, European Investment Bank and European Bank of Reconstruction and Development. Increasing funds from the IMF would also be an option, he said, as the organization has around $200 billion at its disposal for bailout efforts and is seeking to more than double that.</p>
<p><strong>Analysts have warned that Latvia is a particularly weak link in East Europe&#8217;s financial system because of an overvalued currency and large private sector debt denominated in euros.</strong></p>
<p><strong>The government last year turned to the IMF and a consortium of European countries for its loan to cover a ballooning current-account deficit. As part of the agreement, Latvia decided to resist a devaluation and launch an austerity program.</strong></p>
<p>The economy&#8217;s decline has accelerated under the plan, with output falling more than 10% in the fourth quarter of 2008 from the previous year, meeting a common yardstick for a depression. On Wednesday the Finance Ministry predicted that gross domestic product would fall 12% this year.</p>
<p>Latvia&#8217;s president had pressured the government to cut back on the number of ministries to win back public trust. But the coalition of four ruling parties had been unable to reach a consensus.</p>
<p><strong>If Latvia devalues its currency, Lithuania and Estonia, whose economies are closely entwined with Latvia&#8217;s, would likely follow suit.</strong></p>
<p><cite class="tagline">—Andrea Thomas and Paul Hannon contributed to this article.</cite></p>
<p><strong>Write to </strong>Alan Cullison at <a href="mailto:alan.cullison@wsj.com">alan.cullison@wsj.com</a></p>
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		<title>Luković puca u prazno &#8230;. za sada</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2009/02/17/lukovic-puca-u-prazno-za-sada/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2009 07:49:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Banke i Financije]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Finance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Monetarna]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[HNB]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kuna]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Valuta]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Priča o tečaju je beskonačna priča. Pa tako i ovaj najnoviji istup Lukovića u kojem se bacio na temu devalvacije kune bez jasnog cilja nema kraja ako krenemo u dužinu i širinu. Možda je to Luković i htio. Lukovićeva izjava je možda dizajnirana sa određenim ciljem, ali ja se neću sada upuštati u žargonsku diskusiju [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&amp;blog=994071&amp;post=1057&amp;subd=cronomy&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Priča o tečaju je beskonačna priča. Pa tako i ovaj najnoviji istup Lukovića u kojem se bacio na temu devalvacije kune bez jasnog cilja nema kraja ako krenemo u dužinu i širinu. Možda je to Luković i htio. Lukovićeva izjava je možda dizajnirana sa određenim ciljem, ali ja se neću sada upuštati u žargonsku diskusiju čega i koliko je ZABA ili njena banka-majka short i long.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Odgovor naravno nije trebalo dugo čekati. Rohatinski mu je dobro očitao bukvicu, što je i red. Ravnateljica Ekonomskog Instituta Sandra Švaljek je to <a href="http://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/clanak/art-2009,2,16,,152297.jl">sažeto opisala</a>.<br />
</span></p>
<p><em><span>Guverner HNB-a Željko Rohatinski radi na očuvanju stabilnosti financijskog sustava i smatram da je njegov stav ispravan. Zakonska je obveza središnje banke, i ujedno njena osnovna funkcija, voditi računa o stabilnosti cijena, koja bi bila narušena slabljenjem tečaja. Svako slabljenje tečaja djelovalo bi ne samo na stabilnost cijena nego i na povećane teškoće u otplati dugova svih sektora, uključujući i kućanstva. Suočavanje s recesijom ne smije počivati na napuštanju financijske stabilnosti koje može samo po sebi stvoriti dodatne nepovoljne učinke.</span></em></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">HNB kao ozbiljna i iskusna centralna banka (što se ne može reći za sve banke u tržištima u nastajanju pa možemo biti ponosni da imamo pametnu i neovisnu centralnu banku) se sigurno neće &#8220;igrati tečaja.&#8221; To je zato jer razumije dalekosežne posljedice tečajne politike. One idu puno dalje od argumenata zaduženosti i klauzula već poznatih javnosti. Glavni i zakonski cilj HNBa je održavanje stabilnosti cijena i potpuno su glupi zahtjevi (više nekadašnji nego sadašnji) da HNBa namješta tečaj zbog ovih ili onih interesnih skupina sa rizikom više stope inflacije. HNB razumije svoj mandat, da bi ga mogao izvršavati mora biti kredibilan pa si ne može dozvoliti upuštanje u nekakve eksperimente bez jasnog isohda a koji bi svakako podgrijali inflaciju i tako sami sebi napravili &#8220;samoubojstvo iz zasjede.&#8221; Kao institucija zadužena za stabilnost ekonomije HNB motri utjecaje koje bi viša stopa inflacije, slabija kuna i ostali šokovi imale na </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">čitav <em>level </em>ekonomske aktivnosti,</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> ne samo na pojedine izvozne skupine ili jednu ili dvije banke. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">No dobro, ipak, velike banke su &#8220;malo&#8221; posebnije. Da je predsjednike neke prerađivačke kompanije (brodogradnja, kemija) lamentirao o &#8220;prejakoj&#8221; kuni, problem bi bio daleko manji nego kad predsjednik uprave najveće banke koji tako nesmotrenim izjavama potencira nesigurnost, smanjuje povjerenje, povećava rizik povrata i podgrijava paniku&#8230;i to sada! Mislim da se Rohatinski još i dobro suzdržao. Naime, mogao je Lukovića upitati, sa malo više tona u glasu, gdje je to on bio u posljednjih 20 godina i zar ništa ne zna, kao bankar, o tržišnoj psihologiji, očekivanjima, špekulacijama i valutnim krizama. (Alternativa je da zna jako puno što nas vodi nazad na &#8220;cilj&#8221; ovih izjava.)<br />
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Da, možda zvuči malo prepotentno. I ne, možda Rohatinski nema toliko oštar karakter. Ali kad netko u funkciji predsjednika uprave najveće banke u Hrvatskoj sugerira da pad tečaja od desetak <a href="http://www.vecernji.hr/newsroom/economics/3238093/index.do">ne bi bio pretjerano zabrinjavajući</a> za banke, nije dovoljno samo počešati se po glavi. Zar Luković ne zna da u posljednjih 15 godina zemlje u razvoju od Meksika, Tajilanda, Indonezije, preko Rusije, Brazila, Argentine ne mogu očekivati isti tretman kao i razvijene zemlje koje imaju slobodni, plutajući tečaj? Kakvih &#8220;desetak posto&#8221;? Prvo bi Luković trebao pokazati da je kuna precijenjena desetak posto. Ali ako se to i ustanovi kao činjenica, bilo kakv pokušaj devalvacije/deprecijacije, koliko god ona bila kontrolirana i umjerena, tj. sa ciljem da bude umjerena, prouzročiti će ogroman pad u pouzdanju i srušiti valutu. Nikakvih &#8220;desetak&#8221; posto se neće dogoditi. U toj &#8220;igri pouzdanja&#8221; kako je Krugman naziva, se sada nalazimo i koju državne institucije, ponajviše HNB igraju.<br />
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Još ne tako davno, <a href="http://www.bankamagazine.hr/Naslovnica/Vijesti/Hrvatska/tabid/102/View/Details/ItemID/47665/Default.aspx">pisalo se</a> da se teško može u stručnim krugovima pronaći &#8220;sugovornika koji bi se javno izjasnio&#8221; za potez slabljenja kune. Eto, Luković je potvrdio da je iznimka. Dok je Luković usamljen u svojim izjavama, možda je to samo i bio pucanj u prazno. Ali&#8230; </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">ako razmišljanja o deprecijaciji i prizivanje iste, tj. postavljanja je kao relevantnu opciju, raste iz dana u dan i sugovornici su, osim ostalih, predsjednici uprava velikih banka, rasti će i uvjerenje/vjerojatnost da će se to i dogoditi. Jednostavno nitko ne želi držati bilo koju valutu koja se nalazi na rubu </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">pada</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> ili koja će se strmoglaviti. Najbolji &#8211; ili možda najgori zapravo &#8211; dio te priče je da se taj strmoglavi pad može dogoditi mimo fundamentalnih makroekonomskih pokazatelja koji mogu biti u solidnom stanju ili čak dapače polako pokazivati popravljanje temeljne ekonomske slike. Ukratko, činilo bi se da gubitak povjerenja u valutu neke zemlje bi bila posljedica lošeg ekonomskog stanja i vođenja zemlje, pa bi vođenje ekonomske politike koja unaprijeđuje temeljne ekonomske pokazatelje odvratila gubitak povjerenja u valutu. No nije dovoljno voditi zdravu ekonomsku politiku da bi se izbjegao spekulativni napad na valutu, jer kako su nam valutne krize posljednjih desetljeća pokazale, zemlje u razvoju mogu biti podložne tkz. <em>samoostvarujućim špekulativnim napadima</em> (self-fulfilling speculative attacks). Ako tržišta i investitori vjeruju i očekuju da će doći do valutne krize u zemlji, da će valuta značajno deprecirati, bez potrebe da to ekonomski pokazatelji podržavaju, zato jer se očekivanja tako formiraju to će se i dogoditi i ona će gurnuti zemlju u valutnu krizu. Ta očekivanja o značajnom padu valute postaju </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">fundamentalni </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> ekonomski pokazatelj. Očekivanja će se sama od sebe ostvariti, pa će se &#8220;nezabrinjavajućih desetak posto&#8221; deprecijacije pretvoriti u samoostvarujuće proročanstvo valutne krize. Nekakav povod, nekakva provokacija, nekakav okidač će postojati i to može biti financijska kriza u nekoj drugoj zemlji, ekonomska kriza u susjednoj zemlji i raspad valutnog sistema u susjedstvu (efekt zaraze) ili nesmotrena izjava visoko pozicioniranog službenika u javnom ili <em>privatnom </em>sektoru.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Zato HNB i Rohatinski ne sjede skrštenih ruku čekajući da Vlada provede neke antirecesijske mjere, drži deficit pod kontrolom, popravlja likvidnost i ostale temeljne pokazatelje&#8230;već se sama angažira u oblikovanju tržišnog povjerenja i percepcija oko valute. Te tako mora odgovarati na i uzimati za vrlo ozbiljno brzoplete izjave raznih individuao koji kao da su sa kruške pali.<br />
</span></p>
<br />Postano uBanke i Financije, Finance, Monetarna  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/cronomy.wordpress.com/1057/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/cronomy.wordpress.com/1057/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/cronomy.wordpress.com/1057/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/cronomy.wordpress.com/1057/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/cronomy.wordpress.com/1057/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/cronomy.wordpress.com/1057/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/cronomy.wordpress.com/1057/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/cronomy.wordpress.com/1057/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/cronomy.wordpress.com/1057/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/cronomy.wordpress.com/1057/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/cronomy.wordpress.com/1057/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/cronomy.wordpress.com/1057/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/cronomy.wordpress.com/1057/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/cronomy.wordpress.com/1057/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&amp;blog=994071&amp;post=1057&amp;subd=cronomy&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>O Potresima u Kontekstu &#8211; Charles W. Calomiris</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2008/10/26/o-potresima-u-kontekstu-charles-w-calomiris/</link>
		<comments>http://cronomy.org/2008/10/26/o-potresima-u-kontekstu-charles-w-calomiris/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 26 Oct 2008 22:32:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Banke i Financije]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Profesor na Columbia Sveučilištu i autor knjige U.S. Bank Deregulation in Historical Perspective (kratke recenzije ovdje i ovdje), uzvraća u WSJ omiljenim popularnim objašnjenjima da je kriza plod deregulacije. Ta objašnjenja su zapravo politikantske prirode, a dolaze posebice kako je izborna godina sa ljevice. Machiavelli daje razlog za to. No dovoljno su jaka da odjekuju [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&amp;blog=994071&amp;post=784&amp;subd=cronomy&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" src="http://s.wsj.net/public/resources/images/HC-FM401_Calomi_20051017141644.gif" alt="http://s.wsj.net/public/resources/images/HC-FM401_Calomi_20051017141644.gif" width="136" height="231" /></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Profesor na Columbia Sveučilištu i autor knjige <a href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521028387"><em>U.S. Bank Deregulation in Historical Perspective</em></a> (kratke recenzije <a href="http://eh.net/bookreviews/library/0451">ovdje </a>i <a href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj20n3/cj20n3-11.pdf">ovdje</a>), uzvraća u WSJ omiljenim popularnim objašnjenjima da je kriza plod deregulacije. Ta objašnjenja su zapravo politikantske prirode, a dolaze posebice kako je izborna godina sa ljevice. Machiavelli daje razlog za to. No dovoljno su jaka da odjekuju i u Hrvatskoj, gdje javnost zna povijest američkog bankarstva koliko ja jahati na slonu. (priznajem da ne znam) Puno je jednostavnije </span><a href="http://cronomy.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/usbank-deregulation.jpg"><img class="alignright size-full wp-image-785" title="usbank-deregulation" src="http://cronomy.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/usbank-deregulation.jpg?w=500" alt=""   /></a><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">izmisliti jednostavno objašnjenje nego mukotrpno studirati sadašnje i povijesne </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">događaje kako bi dobili ispravnu sliku realnosti. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Calomiris pita koja je to točno deregulacija uzrok današnje financijske krize? Većina na ljevici odmah skoči na 1999. (vidi prošli post), no taj deregulativni Act je vjerojatno pomogao više nego bilo koja <em>regulacija </em>u ovoj krizi. Da bi neka određena deregulacija bila jedini uzrok današnje financijske oluje, morali bi vjerovati da se sistem urušio zbog jednog jedinog faktora; jedne greške u sistemu. Korijeni krize su u mnogim područjima &#8211; monetarna politika kao gorivo, državno uplitanje u tržište nekretnina, ali naravno i privatne greške. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Calomiris ukazuje i na iskrivljene poticaje umjerenju rizika i prudencijalne mjere Basel Komiteta.</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> Ne zaboravimo da su par godina unazad hedge fondovi bili u centru pažnje kao mamutni neregulirani brodovi novca i rizika, a danas predstavljaju mnogo manji rizik od financijskih institucija sa stogodišnjom tradicijom. Proći će neko vrijeme da bi se uspostavio puni, ispravni konsenzus o tome što se dogodilo. Iako će sigurno usljediti privremena ear sa više novih regulativa (nekih dobrih ali i loših), &#8220;Deregulacija je kriva za sve&#8221; jednostavno nije taj konsenzus. Potrebno ga je uspostaviti jer jedino tako se može dizajnirati kvalitetna reforma kako bi se izbjegla ista situacija ponovo. Uz to, trebalo bi imati na umu da postoji razlika između državnig aktivizma i (de)regulacije.</span><span id="more-784"></span></p>
<p><a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122428270641246049.html"><strong>Most Pundits Are Wrong About the Bubble</strong></a></p>
<p>The repeal of Glass-Steagall has helped us weather the storm.</p>
<p>By CHARLES W. CALOMIRIS</p>
<p>It&#8217;s grind-your-favorite-axe day on the network news shows. The financial crisis is all the fault of dreaded &#8220;deregulation,&#8221; shout some pundits; others blame the &#8220;small government&#8221; mentality of the Bush administration and Republicans in Congress.</p>
<p>But haven&#8217;t federal and state tax revenues been growing even faster than home prices in most places in the U.S. over the past eight years? Hasn&#8217;t the problem with our government&#8217;s fiscal affairs been enormous growth in spending and entitlements not seen since the days of LBJ? Congressional Democrats &#8212; along with a surprising number of pork-barrel Republicans &#8212; demanded nonwar spending on a Great Society scale and the president gave in to buy their votes for the war.</p>
<p>As for the evils of deregulation, <strong>exactly which measures are they referring to?</strong> Financial deregulation for the past three decades consisted of the removal of deposit interest-rate ceilings, the relaxation of branching powers, and allowing commercial banks to enter underwriting and insurance and other financial activities. <strong>Wasn&#8217;t the ability for commercial and investment banks to merge (the result of the 1999 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which repealed part of the 1933 Glass-Steagall Act) a major stabilizer to the financial system this past year?</strong> Indeed, it allowed Bear Stearns and Merrill Lynch to be acquired by J.P. Morgan Chase and Bank of America, and allowed Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley to convert to bank holding companies to help shore up their positions during the mid-September bear runs on their stocks.</p>
<p>Even more to the point, subprime lending, securitization and dealing in swaps were all activities that banks and other financial institutions have had the ability to engage in all along. There is no connection between any of these and deregulation. On the contrary, it was the ever-growing Basel Committee rules for measuring bank risk and allocating capital to absorb that risk (just try reading the Basel standards if you don&#8217;t believe me) that failed miserably. <strong>The Basel rules outsourced the measurement of risk to ratings agencies or to the modelers within the banks themselves. Incentives were not properly aligned</strong>, <strong>as those that measured risk profited from underestimating it and earned large fees for doing so</strong>.</p>
<p>That ineffectual, Rube Goldberg apparatus was, of course, the direct result of the politicization of prudential regulation by the Basel Committee, which was itself the direct consequence of pursuing &#8220;international coordination&#8221; among countries, <strong>which produced rules that work politically but not economically.</strong> International cooperation, in case you haven&#8217;t heard, is exactly what the French and the Germans now say was missing in the past few years.</p>
<p>So why blame deregulation and small government? The social psychologist <strong>Gustav Jahoda</strong> says that unreasonable beliefs often arise in circumstances where people lack control and need to believe in something to get them through a highly stressful situation. And <strong>a fellow named Machiavelli might help us to understand a different reason for simplistic explanations.</strong></p>
<p>Here is the non-stress-relieving truth. <strong>Severe financial crises have occurred in many countries &#8212; roughly 100 over the past 30 years</strong> &#8212; and even on a global scale many times before. About 2,000 years ago, Tiberius solved an early global financial crisis by making huge zero-interest loans to Roman banks. Sound familiar? These unusual events often reflect a confluence of different circumstances; for the most part they are not the inevitable result of a single, foreseeable fault in the system.</p>
<p>So what really happened and what should we do to make things better? The current financial crisis, like many in the past, had its roots in several areas: <strong>loose monetary policy</strong> (from 2002-2005, the real fed-funds rate was persistently negative to a degree not seen since the mid-1970s); <strong>government subsidies for leverage</strong> <strong>in real estate</strong> (the list is a long one, but the government&#8217;s role in Fannie and Freddie tops it); and many other <strong>errors by the public and private sector, </strong>including longstanding<strong> flaws in prudential regulation</strong> (see aforementioned Basel rules).</p>
<p>As we try to devise solutions to the regulatory problems, there is plenty of room for improvement and lots of sensible ideas about how to proceed &#8212; all of which have been around for a long time. The single most important reform that is needed is the restoration of discipline in the measurement of risk within the banking system.</p>
<p>Academics have been calling for reforms &#8212; especially a minimum subordinated debt requirement that would create ongoing, market-based measurement of true bank risk &#8212; for many years. In fact, a study of that reform was mandated by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999. Although the study by the Federal Reserve indicated that the reform would be extremely helpful, the big banks successfully lobbied to avoid the imposition of discipline on their risk taking.</p>
<p><strong>The starting point for reform is to begin with a dispassionate and informed assessment of what happened. History is messy, and the careful study of facts offers little satisfaction for one-note Johnnies. It&#8217;s easier to just invent one&#8217;s own history than to study the real thing (which may explain why invention is so much more popular).</strong></p>
<p>All this reminds me of an old Doonesbury comic strip in which a history teacher tries to shock his class by telling them outrageous made-up facts, only to find that they finally seem to be taking notes. Neither Jahoda nor Machiavelli would be surprised.</p>
<p><strong>Mr. Calomiris, a professor at Columbia Business School, is the author of &#8220;U.S. Bank Deregulation in Historical Perspective&#8221; (Cambridge University Press, 2006).</strong></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> malo   donos</span></p>
<br />Postano uBanke i Financije, Ekonomska Povijest, In English, Izbori Amerika, Kriza, Mjehur-Asset Bubble, Reforma  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/cronomy.wordpress.com/784/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/cronomy.wordpress.com/784/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/cronomy.wordpress.com/784/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/cronomy.wordpress.com/784/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/cronomy.wordpress.com/784/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/cronomy.wordpress.com/784/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/cronomy.wordpress.com/784/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/cronomy.wordpress.com/784/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/cronomy.wordpress.com/784/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/cronomy.wordpress.com/784/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/cronomy.wordpress.com/784/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/cronomy.wordpress.com/784/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/cronomy.wordpress.com/784/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/cronomy.wordpress.com/784/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&amp;blog=994071&amp;post=784&amp;subd=cronomy&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>Žarko Miljenović o regulaciji &#8211; Nema optimalne razine regulacije</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2008/10/19/zarko-miljenovic-o-regulaciji-nema-optimalne-razine-regulacije/</link>
		<comments>http://cronomy.org/2008/10/19/zarko-miljenovic-o-regulaciji-nema-optimalne-razine-regulacije/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 19 Oct 2008 06:31:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Banke i Financije]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Finance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[HNB]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kriza]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Žarko Miljenović je bivši glavni ekonomist ZABE, a sada glavni savjetnik Rohatinskom. Autor je HNBovog Izvješća o Financijskoj Stabilnosti. U Svibanjskom izdanju magazina Banka dao je intervju u kojem govori o financijskoj krizi, regulaciji, moralnom hazardu domaćih banaka. Evo što je imao za reći o regulaciji i sekuritizaciji. ♦Kriza koja je započela prošle godine na [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&amp;blog=994071&amp;post=746&amp;subd=cronomy&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> Žarko Miljenović je bivši glavni ekonomist ZABE, a sada glavni savjetnik Rohatinskom. Autor je HNBovog Izvješća o Financijskoj Stabilnosti. U Svibanjskom izdanju magazina <em>Banka </em>dao je intervju u kojem govori o financijskoj krizi, regulaciji, moralnom hazardu domaćih banaka. Evo što je imao za reći o regulaciji i sekuritizaciji.<br />
</span></p>
<p>♦Kriza koja je započela prošle godine na tržištu drugorazrednih kredita u SAD-u i credit crunch koji je uslijedio nametnuli su pitanje bolje regulacije. S jedne strane ustrajanje na boljoj regulativi je razumljivo i poželjno, a s druge “prereguliranost“ nije rješenje. Kako naći sredinu i koliko se svijet može osloniti na to da će propisi pomoći u sprečavanju kriza?</p>
<p>Solomonskog rješenja nema, nema optimalne razine regulacije. Financije kao segment, kao aktivnost, izložene su velikim neizvjesnostima zato što se baziraju na povjerenju, dakle na psihološkom faktoru. Istodobno je financijski sektor izuzetno važan za gospodarski sustav i razvoj pa ga je zbog toga potrebno na neki način regulirati. Ne može ga se jednostavno prepustiti slobodnim silama tržišta jer ima prevelike eksterne efekte, odnosno sekundarne učinke. Međutim, stalna je dilema koliko regulirati. Financijski sustav se kroz vrijeme razvija i inovacije su iznimno bitne za njegov razvoj. Istovremeno te inovacije povećavaju kompleksnost sustava i rizike koje je teško sagledati. Međutim, zbog pozitivnog učinka inovacija na razvoj tržišta, bilo bi kontraproduktivno sprečavati taj razvoj prevelikom regulacijom. Treba dopustiti slobodu, ali i sagledati koliko inovacije, novi proizvodi, novi mehanizmi stvaraju novih rizika i onda prilagoditi regulativu kako bi se financijske institucije učinile otpornijima na eventualne krize.</p>
<p>♦Zapravo, mora se dogoditi kriza da bi se reagiralo?</p>
<p>Trebalo bi, na neki način, forsirati da same institucije dobro razumiju rizike, akumuliraju kapital, ukratko da dobro upravljaju rizicima. Ali, po logici stvari uvijek postoji malo zaostajanje jer najprije idu inovacije, a onda prilagodba kroz regulatorni okvir &#8211; i to je, jednostavno, rizik razvoja. Opcija je nastojati se što prije prilagoditi, akumulirati kapital kao nekakav bufer, kao rezervoar koji može amortizirati neočekivane rizike.</p>
<p>Turbulencije koje se upravo sad događaju, recimo, plod su inovacija koje su započele sa sekuritizacijom. Različiti izvedeni instrumenti i proizvodi zasnovani na sekuritiziranim kreditima potaknuli su razvoj financijskih tržišta i kolanje kapitala, doprinijeli rastu i razvoju cijelog svjetskog gospodarstva, međutim, očito se u nekim segmentima pretjeralo ili se premalo pazilo na rizike. Kad su se oni materijalizirali, sva hiperstruktura koja se gradila na osnovnim instrumentima sekuritizacije počela se pomalo urušavati, gubici su se gomilali, a kako transparentnost nije idealna ne zna se gdje su sve locirani i koliki su, nestala su mnoga tržišta za izvedene instrumente i uopće tržišta za kratkoročno i srednjoročno financiranje među bankama. Banke su se suočile s problemom likvidnosti za financiranje normalnog poslovanja i tu su uskočile središnje banke koje u principu jedino tu i mogu nešto učiniti. No, povećana likvidnost ne može supstituirati problem netransparentnosti i nepovjerenja koje iz njega proizlazi. Regulatori, odnosno središnje banke mogu utjecati na likvidnost, ali kad je riječ o gubicima, tu se moraju uplesti i drugi &#8211; mislim na ministarstva financija koja se trebaju upustiti u sanaciju određenih institucija, ako su im sistemski važne, ili ih pustiti da propadnu.</p>
<p>&#8230; &#8230;</p>
<p>♦U Hrvatskoj se donedavno, zapravo sve do pojave krize u SAD-u i spominjanja sekuritizacije u negativnom kontekstu, intenzivno govorilo o pripremama zakona o sekuritizaciji. Što vi o tome mislite?</p>
<p>Nema nikakvih izgleda da se bilo koja zemlja odupre razvoju financijskog tržišta. Sekuritizacija je jedan od instrumenata koji se razvio prije dosta godina i u cijelom svijetu pridonio je razvoju i rastu ekonomije, dakle ne samo financijskog sektora. Riječ je o važnom izvoru financiranja jer banke svoju aktivu u vidu kredita pretvaraju pod određenim uvjetima u vrijednosne papire, plasiraju na tržište i tako dolaze do izvora sredstava za novi rast. To je klasičan instrument koji je već standardan u financijskom svijetu i mi ćemo ga definitivno kad-tad morati uvesti. Naravno, tu se otvara pitanje koji su sve rizici mogući i kako ih kontrolirati. Na bazi sekuritiziranih kredita razvili su se i razni strukturirani instrumenti koji su u središtu sadašnje krize, ali svi ćemo biti pametniji nakon ove krize u pogledu regulacije.</p>
<p>U svakom je slučaju sekuritizacija zanimljiv izvor financiranja koji bi investitorima pružio instrumente u koje bi mogli uložiti.</p>
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		<title>Pisanje o krizi</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2008/10/16/pisanje-o-krizi/</link>
		<comments>http://cronomy.org/2008/10/16/pisanje-o-krizi/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 16 Oct 2008 05:50:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Banke i Financije]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Nuka me, i laska mi, gale na pollitici: Osobno te dozivljavam ekonomskim autoritetom pollitika.com-a. Stoga bih barem osobno jako volio vidjeti i tvoj elaborat cijele ove krize i regulacije trzista koju je ocito potrebno revidira. Hvala na laskanju, ali ja sebe ne smatram autoritetom. Premalo diskutiram i eksponiram se na pollitika.com da bi to zavrijedio. [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&amp;blog=994071&amp;post=736&amp;subd=cronomy&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"><a href="http://pollitika.com/nobelova-nagrada-za-ekonomiju-zestokom-kriticaru-neoliberalizma#comment-97677">Nuka me, i laska mi, gale na pollitici</a>:</span></p>
<p><em>Osobno te dozivljavam ekonomskim autoritetom pollitika.com-a. Stoga bih barem osobno jako volio vidjeti i tvoj elaborat cijele ove krize i regulacije trzista koju je ocito potrebno revidira.</em></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Hvala na laskanju, ali ja sebe ne smatram autoritetom. Premalo diskutiram i eksponiram se na pollitika.com da bi to zavrijedio. Možda je dovoljno reći da sam iznadprosječno informiran i treniran.(?) Riječ dvije o upitu. </span><span id="more-736"></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Očekivao sam da će netko priupitati zašto ne pišem više ili komentiram o sadašnjoj krizi. Tome sam se čak i nadao, jer tako imam vanjski razlog da pojasnim razlog i krenem sa nekom raspravom. Blog sam započeo, i još uvijek držim do toga, sa ciljem pisanja o problemima i zanimljivostima Hrvatske ekonomije, o kojoj priznajem  znam nešto manje od američke.<br />
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> Unatoč tome, ili bolje rečeno zbog toga, sam se limitirao na teme u hrvatskoj ekonomiji i politici te nastojao povezati hrvatske razvojne probleme i političke diskusije sa &#8220;ekonomskijim&#8221; pogledom koji, po mom mišljenju, toliko nedostaje u domaćem političkom diskursu. Mrak je jednom opisao <a href="http://mrak.org/2007/10/23/applied-ceramics-epilog/">kako on vidi ovaj blog</a>, a drugom prilikom, za vrijeme izbora2007, je rekao da ovaj blog piše o temama gdje se ekonomija i politika u Hrvatskoj sudaraju. Ako uzmem Mraka kao reprezentativnog potrošača ovog bloga, plus pohvale preko emaila, mogao bi zaključiti da su ostali potrošači prepoznali kretanje tema i okvir ovog bloga sukladno mojoj tentativnoj zamisli. (Doduše imam ja dosta samokritika.)<br />
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Pošto </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">blogova o američkoj ekonomiji</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> i </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">općenito </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">ekonomskih blogova o raznim temama ima pregršt</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> na engleskom</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">, komentara, rasprava &#8220;elaborata&#8221; o ekonomskoj situaciji u Americi, Europi ili pak o specifičnim ekonomskim temama poput financijske krize koja je započela prošle godine ne nedostaje. Oni uistinu zainteresirani sigurno sve to prate, više ili manje, koliko im znanje englesko</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">g dopušta te koliko ih zanima što se vani događa. Nema potrebe da pretjerano reproduciram strane teme i problematiku sa tih blogova ako nekako nije vezana za Hrvatsku, njen kontekst i njenu perspektivu. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Konkretno, financijska kriza uvelike je bila, za više od godinu dana, za Hrvatsku vanjski izolirani događaj od ne pretjeranog interesa, pogotovo ne za prosječnog građanina. Za vrijeme prošlogodišnjih izbori te nakon njih previranja na američkim i europskim tržištima (kapitalnim i kreditnim) nisu dopirala glasno i jasno do hrvatske javnosti. Osim dnevnih političkih tema, rekordna hrvatska inflacija poticana globalnim porastom cijena sirovina </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">i Vladine antiinflacijske mjere,</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> su bile glavna ekonomska vijest. Nasuprot tome, događaji na financijskim tržištima tokom posljednjih par tjedana su preuzeli dobrim djelom naslovnice i interes javnosti od političkih pitanja, a inflacija iako još uvijek neugodno visoka je izgleda potpuno sišla sa radara javnosti. (Što i nije tako loše za inflatorna očekivanja) Danas, kreditna kriza i krah burzi, uključujući i domaću, te Vladine mjere (poput povećanje limita osiguranja računa) zajedno sa HNBom su glavne ekonomske teme.<br />
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Pošto je hrvatski bankovni sektor dio europskih bankovnih grupacija, točnije austrijskih i talijanskih, svi negativni udarci na te banke majke potencijalno mogu negativno utjecati na Hrvatsku ekonomsku aktivnost. HNB je posebno obazriv na moguće indirektne šokove za hrvatski bankovni sustav i tendencije smanjenja ponude kredita zbog preljevanja krize kroz međunarodne bankovne grupacije. Ne očekuje se nikakav direktni šok poput propasti neke domaće banke zbog direktne izloženosti subprime hipotekama. Koliko je znano hrvatske banke ne posjeduju tkz. &#8220;toksičnu imovinu&#8221;. Nadalje, od posebne i najveće važnosti su učinci na poslovni ciklus. Poslovni ciklus u europi i pojedinim zemljama, našim trgovinskim partnerima euro zone, je od najvećeg značaja za nas. (Turistička sezona sljedeće godine će malo ovisiti o tome tko je na vlasti) Svako smanjenje ponude kredita je negativni impuls na ekonomsku aktivnost i tako utječe na realnu ekonomiju.<br />
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Dakle utjecaji na Hrvatsku će biti neizbježni, no moramo imati na umu kratkoročne i dugoročne utjecaje. Kratkoročni se odnose na moguće preljevanje krize na domaće banke putem banka majki, tj. koliko i ako bi gubici banaka majki negativno utjecalo na normalno poslovanje domaćih banaka kćeri. Dugoročnih utjecaja ima više, te svi još nisu poznati.<br />
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Joan Robinson, karizmatična britanska ekonomistica je rekla da je svrha studiranja ekonomije naučiti kako izbjeći biti obmanut od drugih ekonomista. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Za one koji žele znati više o Hrvatskoj poziciji u ovim vremenima i započeti neko razumjevanje krize i našeg položaja, te bit bolje informirani </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">preporučam dva rada. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"><a href="http://www.hnb.hr/financijska_stabilnost/hfinancijska_stabilnost.htm?tsfsg=58dee112fd1786ea8fe4c5926a38aef9">HNBovu analizu Financijske Stabilnosti</a> koja je izašla u Lipnju, koja sagledava makro okružje u kojem posluju financijske institucije i iz kojeg proizlaze rizici za bankarski sustav. Najprimjerenija analiza za ova vremena. Pretpostavljam da će HNB, u svjetlu nedavnih događaja u financijskom sektoru i kreditnim tržištima uskoro izdati drugu publikaciju. Svakako bi bilo poželjno.<br />
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Druga je <a href="http://www.hub.hr/default.asp?ru=150&amp;gl=200807290000002&amp;sid=&amp;jezik=1">Analiza broj 12. Hrvatske Udruge Banaka</a>. Na 40tak stranica jedina, što je meni poznato, analiza slučaja &#8220;subprime&#8221; na hrvatskom. Svakako vrijedi pogledati za sve kojima engleski nije toliko razvijen da svladaju postojeća objašnjenja i komentare na webu. U 5 djelova, HUBova analiza se bavi pozadinom &#8220;subprime&#8221;, sakledavaju uzroke, mjehur nekretnina i makro i mikro faktore i mehanizme, potom mehaniku širenja na Europu i procjene gubitaka. U četvrtom poglavnju, za Hrvatsku bitno, se diskutira o posljedicama krize, a u petom o otvorenim pitanjima financijske regulacije. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Gale, peto te zanima? </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> </span></p>
<br />Postano uBanke i Financije, Finance, HNB, Kriza, Politika, Recesija  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/cronomy.wordpress.com/736/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/cronomy.wordpress.com/736/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/cronomy.wordpress.com/736/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/cronomy.wordpress.com/736/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/cronomy.wordpress.com/736/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/cronomy.wordpress.com/736/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/cronomy.wordpress.com/736/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/cronomy.wordpress.com/736/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/cronomy.wordpress.com/736/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/cronomy.wordpress.com/736/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/cronomy.wordpress.com/736/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/cronomy.wordpress.com/736/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/cronomy.wordpress.com/736/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/cronomy.wordpress.com/736/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&amp;blog=994071&amp;post=736&amp;subd=cronomy&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>O Potresima u Kontekstu &#8211; Gary S. Becker</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2008/10/11/o-potresima-u-kontekstu-gary-s-becker/</link>
		<comments>http://cronomy.org/2008/10/11/o-potresima-u-kontekstu-gary-s-becker/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 11 Oct 2008 15:57:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Banke i Financije]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Finance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kriza]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Reforma]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cronomy.wordpress.com/?p=696</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Nobelovac prof. Becker, Sveučilište Chicago, stavlja trenutnu financijsku krizu u perspektivu i smiruje duhove koji zazivaju/predviđaju kraj kapitalizma. Do sada, ovo je puno manja kriza od VD, a ona nije dovela do kraja kapitalizma, te možemo očekivati da će tako biti i tokom sljedećih par godina. Razni &#8220;spasonosni&#8221; paketi donose sa sobom rizike i posljedice [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&amp;blog=994071&amp;post=696&amp;subd=cronomy&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Nobelovac prof. Becker, Sveučilište Chicago, stavlja trenutnu financijsku krizu u perspektivu i smiruje duhove koji zazivaju/predviđaju kraj kapitalizma. Do sada, ovo je puno manja kriza od VD, a ona nije dovela do kraja kapitalizma, te možemo očekivati da će tako biti i tokom sljedećih par godina. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Razni &#8220;spasonosni&#8221; paketi donose sa sobom rizike i posljedice moralnog hazarda. Tako je, čini se, spas Beara u Ožujku bila greška jer je signaliziralo ostalim velikim igračima da će se i njih spasiti ako vremena postanu još gora. Preporuka: dosta sa spašavanjima. <em>Too big to fail</em> politika bi se trebala napustiti. Propast velikih a loše vođenih kompanija, pa tako i financijskih, je zdrava i nužna za opstojnost konkurentnog slobodnog poduzetništva.<br />
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Državni vlasnički udjeli u privatnim kompanijama su zabrinjavajući pošto država uvijek stavlja političke interese ispred ekonomskih. <a href="http://cronomy.org/2008/09/23/o-potresima-u-kontekstu-charles-calomiris-peter-wallison/">To je viđeno </a>i državnim sponzoriranim kompanijama poput Fannie i Freddie. Zato Becker traži da se Fannie i Freddie prodaju u privatne ruke što prije. Država već dovoljno subvencira tržište nekretnina kroz porezne olakšice pa je postojanje državne kompanije sa istim ciljem sasvim nepotrebno.<br />
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Glavni problem modernih financija je nerazumjevanje <em>agregatnih rizika</em> koji nastaju kao posljedica sve veće upotrebe izvedenica i sekuritizacija. Određenim reformama će se morati obratiti veća pažnja na kompleksnost sistema i pokušati smanjiti <em>vjerojatnost</em> nastanka budućih financijskih kriza.</span><span id="more-696"></span></p>
<p><a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122333679431409639.html" target="_self">We&#8217;re Not Headed for a Depression</a></p>
<p>No, this isn&#8217;t the crisis that kills global capitalism.</p>
<p>In order to promote a much smoother functioning of the financial system, it is paramount to distinguish between the immediate steps needed to cope with the present crisis and the long-run reforms needed to reduce the likelihood of future crises. Let&#8217;s start with the short-run fixes.</p>
<p>First of all, the magnitude of this financial disturbance should be placed in perspective. Although it is the most severe financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s, it is a <strong>far smaller crisis</strong>, especially in terms of the effects on output and employment. The United States had about 25% unemployment during most of the decade from 1931 until 1941, and sharp falls in GDP. Other countries experienced economic difficulties of a similar magnitude. So far, American GDP has not yet fallen, and unemployment has reached only a little over 6%. Both figures are likely to get quite a bit worse, but they will nowhere approach those of the 1930s.</p>
<p>The Treasury&#8217;s announced insurance of all money-market funds, and the full insurance of bank deposits, carry considerable <strong>moral hazard risks</strong>, but they have not aroused much controversy. The main thrust of the new banking law allows the Treasury secretary to purchase bank assets up to $700 billion in order to increase the liquidity of the banking system. <strong>These assets are of uncertain worth since there is essentially no market for many of them, and hence they have no market price.</strong> The government hopes to create this market partly through using auctions, where banks would offer their assets at particular prices, and the government would decide whether to buy them. I would have preferred starting with a smaller dollar value of purchases, and up the amount if the situation deteriorates further.</p>
<p>Partly because many consumers are repelled by the intention to bail out companies and their executives who made decisions that got the companies into trouble, the new law includes income and severance pay limits for executives whose firms seek government help. Even though one cannot think much of executives who led their banks into such a mess, that is a bad precedent since it involves too much micromanagement of bank operations. Moreover, such salary controls can be evaded by very generous fringe benefits.</p>
<p>The moral-hazard consequences for banks receiving a bailout now is worrisome since they may expect to get rescued again by the government if their future investments turn sour. Yet while I find helping these banks highly distasteful, moral-hazard concerns should be temporarily relaxed when the whole short-term credit system is close to collapse. <strong>Still, the bank bill with its huge bailout does suggest that the $29 billion bailout of the bondholders of Bear Stearns in March was a mistake</strong>. It seemed to have a <strong>moral-hazard</strong> effect by encouraging Lehman Brothers and other investment banks to delay in raising more capital because they too might have expected the government to come to their rescue if times got much worse. Although the government was apparently concerned that foreign central banks were major holders of the bonds, it was unwise to give them and other bondholders such full protection.</p>
<p>One troubling provision is that the government can take an equity stake in banks it helps. Some economists have proposed a similar role for government equity in these banks. I believe it is unwise to give governments equity in private companies, even if the government does not have voting rights in company policies. Many examples in recent history, such as the current Alitalia fiasco, <strong>show that political interests outweigh economic ones when governments have some ownership of private companies.</strong> This is likely to happen in this bailout if some banks that are helped decide to sharply cut employment in the districts of some congressmen, or to transfer many jobs overseas.</p>
<p>Taxpayers may be stuck with hundreds of billions of dollars of losses from the various government insurance provisions and government purchases of assets. Although the media has made much of this possibility through headlines like &#8220;$700 Billion Bailout,&#8221; such large losses are highly unlikely except in the low probability event that the economy falls into a sustained major depression. Indeed, with efficient auctions, the government may well make money on its actions, just as the Resolution Trust Corporation that took over many savings-and-loan banks during the 1980s crisis did not lose much, if any, money. By buying assets when they are depressed and waiting out the crisis, the government may have a profit on these assets when they are finally sold back to the private sector. Making money does not mean the government involvement is wise, but the likely losses to taxpayers are being greatly exaggerated.</p>
<p>The temporary banning of short sales is an example of a perennial approach to difficulties in financial markets and elsewhere; namely, &#8220;shoot the messenger.&#8221;<strong> Short sales did not cause the crisis, but reflect beliefs about how long the slide will continue. Trying to prevent these beliefs from being expressed suppresses useful information, and also creates serious problems for many hedge funds that use short sales to hedge other risks.</strong> Their ban can also cause greater panic in other markets.</p>
<p>The main problem with the modern financial system based on widespread use of derivatives and securitization is that while financial specialists understand how individual assets function, <strong>even they have limited understanding of the aggregate risks created by the system</strong>. That is, insufficient appreciation of how the whole incredibly complex financial system operates when exposed to various types of stress. In light of such limitations, it is difficult to propose long-term reforms. Still, a few reforms seem reasonably likely to reduce the probability of future financial crises.</p>
<p><em>- Increase capital requirements. </em>The capital requirements of banks relative to assets should be increased after the crisis is over in order to prevent the highly leveraged ratios of assets to capital in financial institutions during the past several years. Possibly a minimum ratio of capital to assets should be imposed by the Fed on investment banks and money funds. As much as possible, the measure of capital should not be its book value but its market value, such as the market value of publicly traded shares of banks. Book value measures, for example, apparently badly missed the plight of Japanese banks during their decade-long banking crisis of the 1990s.</p>
<p><em>- Sell Freddie and Fannie.</em> The government should as quickly as possible sell Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae to fully private companies that receive no government insurance or other help. These two giants did not cause the housing mess, but in recent years they surely greatly contributed to it, <strong>partly through congressional pressure on them to increase their purchases of subprime loans.</strong> <strong>They have owned or guaranteed almost half of the $12 trillion in outstanding mortgages while having a small capital base</strong>. The housing market already has excessive amounts of government subsidies, such as from the tax exemption of interest on mortgages, and should not have government sponsored enterprises that insure mortgage-backed securities.</p>
<p><em>- No more bailouts.</em> The &#8220;too big to fail&#8221; approach to banks and other companies should be abandoned as new long-term financial policies are developed. Such an approach is inconsistent with a free-market economy. It also has caused dubious company bailouts in the past, such as the large government loan years ago to Chrysler, a company that remained weak and should have been allowed to go into bankruptcy. All the American auto companies have asked for and received handouts too since they cannot compete against Japanese, Korean and German car makers, partly because these American companies have been incredibly badly managed. <strong>A &#8220;too many institutions in trouble to fail principle,&#8221; as in the present financial crisis, may still be necessary on rare occasions, but failure of badly run large financial and other companies is healthy and indeed necessary for the survival of a robust free-enterprise competitive system</strong>.</p>
<p>Is this a final &#8220;Crisis of Global Capitalism&#8221; &#8212; to borrow the title of a book by George Soros written shortly after the Asian financial crisis of 1997-98? The crisis that kills capitalism has been said to happen during every major recession and financial crisis ever since Karl Marx prophesized the collapse of capitalism in the middle of the 19th century. Although I admit to having greatly underestimated the severity of the current crisis, I am confident that sizable world economic growth will resume before very long under a mainly capitalist world economy.</p>
<p>Consider, for example, that in the decade after various predictions of the collapse of global capitalism following the Asian crisis, both world GDP and world trade experienced unprecedented growth thanks to the power of market competition on a global scale. The South Korean economy, for example, was pummeled during that crisis, but has had significant economic growth since. World economic growth will recover once we are over the present severe financial difficulties.</p>
<p><strong>Mr. Becker, the 1992 Nobel economics laureate, is professor of economics at the University of Chicago and senior fellow at the Hoover Institution. Portions of this article first appeared <a href="http://home.uchicago.edu/%7Egbecker/" target="_blank">on his Web site</a>.</strong></p>
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		<title>Dobro je (kao)</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2008/10/10/dobro-je-kao/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 10 Oct 2008 05:28:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Banke i Financije]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Kako što kaže Alphaville, blog o tržištu Financial Timesa, pacijent ne odgovara na terapiju. Na reanimaciji je &#8230; već sedmi dan zaredom. Izgleda da je danas i Azija pritisla Panic Button. Za četvrtak: Dow 8,579.19 -678.91 (-7.33%) S&#38;P 500 909.92 -75.02 (-7.62%) Prošla je točno godina dana od kad je DowJones Index, po prvi put [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&amp;blog=994071&amp;post=706&amp;subd=cronomy&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Kako što kaže <a href="http://ftalphaville.ft.com/blog/2008/10/09/16874/wipeout-on-wall-street/">Alphaville</a>, blog o tržištu Financial Timesa, pacijent ne odgovara na terapiju. Na reanimaciji je &#8230; već sedmi dan zaredom. Izgleda da je danas i Azija pritisla <em>Panic Button</em><em>.</em> Za četvrtak:</span><span id="more-706"></span></p>
<p><span class="quote"><span>Dow 	<strong>8,579.19</strong> -678.91 	(<span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>-7.33%</strong></span>)</span></span></p>
<p><span class="quote"><span>S&amp;P 500 	<strong>909.92</strong> -75.02 	(<span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>-7.62%</strong></span>)</span></span></p>
<p><a href="http://cronomy.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/dow1.png"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-709" title="dow1" src="http://cronomy.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/dow1.png?w=500" alt=""   /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://cronomy.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/down5.png"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-707" title="down5" src="http://cronomy.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/down5.png?w=500" alt=""   /></a><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> Prošla je točno godina dana od kad je DowJones Index, po prvi put u povijesti, dotaknuo rekordnih 14,164.53. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Od onda je izgubio 39%. Iako sadrži samo 30 kompanija, <em>DJIA </em>predstavlja nešto manje od 30% kapitalizacije američkog tržišta.<br />
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"><em>S&amp;P 500</em> je od rekorda na 1565 prošle godine pa na 909, izgubivši 37%. Taj indeks je ispravnije mjerilo dnevnog performansa dioničkog tržišta pošto predstavlja skoro 80% kapitalizacije ukupnog </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">američkog </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> tržišta.</span></p>
<p><a href="http://cronomy.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/down9.png"><img class="size-full wp-image-716 alignnone" title="down9" src="http://cronomy.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/down9.png?w=500" alt=""   /></a></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Jednostavan graf DJIA i S&amp;P 500 za posljednje dvije godine. (Klik za uvećanje)<br />
</span></p>
<p><a href="http://cronomy.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/dow3.png"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-711" title="dow3" src="http://cronomy.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/dow3.png?w=275&#038;h=101" alt="" width="275" height="101" /></a></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> DJIA nije bio ispod 9000 bodova od 2003. Strah o lošem stanju bankarskog sektora i utjecaj toga na realnu ekonomiju je jedan od glavnih faktora u drastičnim tržišnim padovima posljednjih dana. Banke i financijske institutcije su pod najvećim udarima, najviše pate. <a href="http://stockcharts.com/h-sc/ui"><em>Dow Jones Wilshire US Banks Index</em></a> je pao 11% jučer i 53.4% u posljednjih godinu dana, usporedbi sa -41.76% za S&amp;500. (Graf ispod)</span></p>
<p><a href="http://cronomy.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/down7.png"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-713" title="down7" src="http://cronomy.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/down7.png?w=500&#038;h=519" alt="" width="500" height="519" /></a></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">U posljednje 3 godine (graf ispod) isti bankovni indeks je dolje -47.29% u usporedbi sa -24.49% za S&amp;P500.<br />
</span></p>
<p><a href="http://cronomy.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/down8.png"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-714" title="down8" src="http://cronomy.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/down8.png?w=500&#038;h=520" alt="" width="500" height="520" /></a></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Nedavni gubitci na tržištima predstavljaju jedan najgorih medvjeđih tržišta (bear market) u desetljećima. Službena definicija tržišnog kraha je pad od 20% u jednom danu ili par dana zaredom, što se dogodilio 1929. i 1987. i što trenutno tržište gotov pa i ispunjava.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"><a href="http://mrak.org/">Mrak</a>, možeš slikati ovog medvjeda??</span></p>
<p><a href="http://cronomy.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/dow21.png"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-715" title="dow21" src="http://cronomy.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/dow21.png?w=500" alt=""   /></a></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Evo još par komentara, via WSJ.</span></p>
<ul>
<li>U.S. stocks, as measured by the Dow Jones Wilshire 5000, shed $872 billion in market value on Thursday, <strong>$2.5 trillion over the last seven</strong> trading sessions, and <strong>$8.4 trillion since hitting an all-time high</strong> one year ago Thursday. The index includes almost all U.S. public companies.<span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> (Zapravo nema službenog broja javnih kompanija na američkom tržištu, i.e. onih koje trguju na burzi. Po nekim procjenama ima ih i do 15000.)<br />
</span></li>
<li>&#8220;We are in a <strong>secular bear market</strong>,&#8221; says Russ Koesterich, head of investment strategy at Barclays Global Investors in San Francisco, using Wall Street jargon for this kind of prolonged weak period. Analysts distinguish between long-running &#8220;secular&#8221; periods and shorter-term bear markets, such as the one that occurred from 2000 through 2002.</li>
<li>The way some investors see it, if the government feels the need to intervene more drastically, the problem might be even larger than it had seemed. That kind of self-reinforcing fear is symptomatic of a secular bear market, where bearish sentiment trumps fundamentals.</li>
<li>&#8220;We had a secular bear market from 1968 to 1982, and another that began in 1929,&#8221; Mr. Koesterich says. Stocks sometimes mount strong rallies during the lengthy weak periods. They nearly doubled in value from 2002 through 2007, but have since given back most of those gains.</li>
<li>The size of the Dow&#8217;s recent declines surpasses anything seen in the past two bear markets, and is the largest seven-session percentage drop since the days surrounding the 1987 crash.</li>
<li>At the height of the 1990s bull market, the price of stocks in the Standard &amp; Poor&#8217;s 500 stock index rose to more than 30 times company profits, a record level that was more than twice the historical average. Between March 2000 and October 2002, the S&amp;P 500 fell 49%, but its price-to-earnings ratio never fell to the historical average of 15 or 16. To some market analysts, that meant stock values were still too high and investors were still too optimistic.</li>
<li>At Thursday&#8217;s close, the price-to-earnings ratio of the S&amp;P 500 was down to 10.7, the lowest since the early 1980s.</li>
<li>Traders and analysts say that markets remain in the grip of an <strong>increasingly self-fulfilling bearish view</strong>. Each day&#8217;s market drop sparks worries that fuel the next&#8217;s, and each day of high borrowing costs between banks is interpreted as evidence that risks remain high, which props up the next day&#8217;s rates. &#8220;<strong>Psychology is not allowing what the economics textbook says should happen to actually happen</strong>,&#8221; said strategist Doug Peta, of the New York portfolio-management firm J. &amp; W. Seligman.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Ipak, samo jedna stvar će zaustaviti/primiriti paniku i zaustaviti nediskriminirajuću rasprodaju. Više o tome uskoro.<br />
</span></p>
<p>According to data from the British Bankers&#8217; Association, overnight U.S. dollar Libor fell slightly from Wednesday&#8217;s fixing. But longer-term funding pressures tightened. The key three-month Libor rate rose to 4.75% from 4.52% .</p>
<p>Those rates are key to setting credit levels that banks charge their clients, including companies whose activities drive growth. &#8220;Every single business in the world needs working capital,&#8221; said Mr. Peta. &#8220;You need to spend money to make something before you can sell it, which is what generates your profits, which is what drives the stock market.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;This is indiscriminate selling,&#8221; said trader Todd Salamone, of Schaeffer&#8217;s Investment Research, an analysis and asset-management firm in Cincinnati. &#8220;<strong>Not until there are massive improvements in the credit markets are we likely to see this really end.</strong>&#8220;</p>
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		<title>Hrvatski bankarski sustav 56. u svijetu</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2008/10/09/hrvatski-bankarski-sustav-56-u-svijetu/</link>
		<comments>http://cronomy.org/2008/10/09/hrvatski-bankarski-sustav-56-u-svijetu/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 09 Oct 2008 19:59:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Banke i Financije]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[News-Vijesti]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Ministar Šuker je prije deset dana izjavio da je &#8220;&#8230; bankarski sektor jedan od najstabilnijih u Europi.&#8221; Novi Global Competitiveness Report u izdanju World Economic Foruma rangiran naš bankarski sustav na 56. mjestu od 134. sa ocjenom 5.8/7.0. Većina Istočno Europskih Zemalja je iza nas. Estonija (25.) i Letonija (41.) su jedine ispred nas. Zemlje [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&amp;blog=994071&amp;post=699&amp;subd=cronomy&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Ministar Šuker je prije <a href="http://www.seebiz.eu/hr/politika/suker-bankarski-sektor-jedan-od-najstabilnijih-u-europi,26426.html">deset dana izjavio</a> da je &#8220;&#8230; bankarski sektor jedan od najstabilnijih u Europi.&#8221; </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Novi <a href="http://gcr.weforum.org/gcr/">Global Competitiveness Report</a> u izdanju World Economic Foruma rangiran naš bankarski sustav na 56. mjestu od 134. sa ocjenom 5.8/7.0. Većina Istočno Europskih Zemalja je iza nas. Estonija (25.) i Letonija (41.) su jedine ispred nas. Zemlje koje ne vidite na tablici niže: Bugarska i Mađarska (80. i 81.), BiH (96.) Makedonija (102.), Srbija (110.).</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Prvih deset i posljednjih deset rangiranih <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/ousiv/idUSTRE4981X220081009?sp=true">vidite ovdje</a>. </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> </span></p>
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		<title>Ante Čičin Šain i što uzrokuje paniku</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2008/10/07/ante-cicin-sain-i-sto-uzrokuje-paniku/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 07 Oct 2008 16:35:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Banke i Financije]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Panika]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Ante Čičin Šain, prvi guverner HNBa s pravom, s obzirom na našu bankarsku povijest, poziva na smirivanje nervoze u javnosti kako uistinu nebi došlo do prave bankarske panike. Šain je mislio na rastuću zabrinutost hrvatskih građana oko ugroženosti stranih banki vlasnica naših banaka &#8211; što, u očima javnosti, direktno ugoržava Iako je uvijek moguće napraviti [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&amp;blog=994071&amp;post=692&amp;subd=cronomy&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Ante Čičin Šain, prvi guverner HNBa s pravom, s obzirom na našu bankarsku povijest, poziva na smirivanje nervoze u javnosti kako uistinu nebi došlo do prave bankarske panike. Šain je mislio na rastuću zabrinutost hrvatskih građana oko ugroženosti stranih banki vlasnica naših banaka &#8211; što, u očima javnosti, direktno ugoržava<br />
</span></p>
<p><em><span><a href="http://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/clanak/art-2008,10,5,,135810.jl">Iako je uvijek moguće</a> napraviti od muhe slona, nema nikakvog razloga za paniku i nervozu hrvatskih građana. Ne vjerujem da će doći do stečaja bilo koje banke inozemne vlasnice naših banaka, no čak i ako se to dogodi, kupac se uvijek može naći.</span></em></p>
<p><em><a href="http://www.javno.com/hr/profit/clanak.php?id=188945">Panika je prizivanje vraga</a>, jer ako ga jako prizivate, možete biti uspješni. Nema razloga ni za paniku ni za prozivanje vraga.</em></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Iako nema razloga za paniku, jer financijska kriza vani ne ugrožava depozite hrvatskih građana u Hrvatskoj koji su i ovako <a href="http://www.dab.hr/osiguranje.html">osigurani</a>, solidan i realan razlog (poput realnog saznanja da je određena banka u nevolji) nije ni potreban da bi se situacija zakotrljala nizbrdo.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> U ovakvim vremenima, i s obzirom na naša iskustva, dovoljno je da se proširi manja glasina o nedostatku gotovine u nekoj podružnici (zbog recimo tehničke greške) ili pak da se omanja grupica penzionera zaputi na šaltere bojeći se za nedostatak gotovine ili misleći da <a href="http://www.euronews.net/en/article/06/10/2008/eu-nations-try-to-avoid-bank-panic/">panika u drugoj zemlji</a> utječu na njihovu banku, na što reagira druga veća &#8220;grupica&#8221; misleći da ova prva ima neku negativnu informaciju o sigurnosti depozita, kvaliteti kredita banke ili veličini plasmana &#8211; a nema. Ne treba zaboraviti ni senzacijolistički medijsku mašinu u Hrvatskoj.</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> I panika nastupi.</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> Generator takvih panika je asimetričnost informacija &#8211; jedna strana ne zna dovoljno o drugoj strani kako bi donjela ispravnu odluku, tj. nepostojanje ispravnih, sigurnih i verificiranih informacija za sve sudionike. (Postojanje <a href="http://www.dab.hr/osiguranje.html">sistema osiguranja depozita</a> osigurava i informaciju za sve da je novac u bankama do određene svote osiguran i tako ublažuje u nekoj mjeri asimetričnost informacija i paniku.) Banke se nađu na udaru <a href="http://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/clanak/art-2008,10,5,,135810.jl">bezrazložno</a> paničnih građana; zaraza i <em>run on the bank</em> se proširi na više banaka; bilance banaka se rapidno počnu pogoršavati. Striktno govoreći, nagli propast brojnih banaka na taj način je bankarska panika. Upravo nepostojanje solidnog i realnog razloga dovodi do panike. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Postojanje realnog razloga, poput realizacije da je određena velika financijska institucija u značajnim nevoljama dovodi do stvarne bankarske krize.<br />
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Blog o ekonomiji New York Timesa <a href="http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/">Economix</a> je prije neki dan imao odličan kratki primjer o uzroku panika.<br />
</span></p>
<p><a href="http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/30/this-is-what-causes-panics/"><strong>This Is What Causes Panics</strong></a></p>
<p>Yesterday my mother wrote me the following (real) e-mail:</p>
<blockquote><p>From: Mom<br />
To: Catherine Rampell<br />
Subject: Important<br />
Try to take some $ out of your account at an ATM asap — doesn’t have to be [your primary bank]. Some are predicting scarcity of cash from banks in this mess.</p></blockquote>
<p>I wonder how many other worried mothers are sending the same message to their offspring. For the record, I’m not taking my mother up on her suggestion.</p>
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