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	<title>Cronomy &#187; Europa</title>
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		<title>Dance to the € beat!</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2011/11/08/dancin-to-the-e-beat/</link>
		<comments>http://cronomy.org/2011/11/08/dancin-to-the-e-beat/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 08 Nov 2011 01:04:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EU/Euro]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Jedan Krugmanesque post za Grčku. Isprike što nije spot ili live verzija. Filed under: Europa<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&#038;blog=994071&#038;post=2109&#038;subd=cronomy&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Jedan Krugmanesque post za Grčku.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Isprike što nije spot ili live verzija.<br />
</span></p>
<span style="text-align:center; display: block;"><a href="http://cronomy.org/2011/11/08/dancin-to-the-e-beat/"><img src="http://img.youtube.com/vi/i68ncYsg8Cs/2.jpg" alt="" /></a></span>
<br />Filed under: <a href='http://cronomy.org/category/europa/'>Europa</a>  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/cronomy.wordpress.com/2109/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/cronomy.wordpress.com/2109/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/cronomy.wordpress.com/2109/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/cronomy.wordpress.com/2109/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/cronomy.wordpress.com/2109/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/cronomy.wordpress.com/2109/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/cronomy.wordpress.com/2109/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/cronomy.wordpress.com/2109/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/cronomy.wordpress.com/2109/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/cronomy.wordpress.com/2109/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/cronomy.wordpress.com/2109/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/cronomy.wordpress.com/2109/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/cronomy.wordpress.com/2109/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/cronomy.wordpress.com/2109/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&#038;blog=994071&#038;post=2109&#038;subd=cronomy&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>Kako povećati natalitet (ne gledajte u kardinale za pomoć)</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2009/03/31/kako-povecati-natalitet-ne-gledajte-u-kardinale-za-pomoc/</link>
		<comments>http://cronomy.org/2009/03/31/kako-povecati-natalitet-ne-gledajte-u-kardinale-za-pomoc/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2009 05:53:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Država]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cronomy.org/?p=1208</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Tyler Cowen na MR blogu prenosi reportažu BBCa o povećanju nataliteta u Gruziji i svojstvenom načinu kako su to postigli. Two years after having one of the lowest birth rates in the world, Georgia is enjoying something of a baby boom, following an intervention from the country&#8217;s most senior cleric. At the end of 2007, [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&#038;blog=994071&#038;post=1208&#038;subd=cronomy&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Tyler Cowen na <a href="http://www.marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2009/03/incentives-matter-installment-6579.html">MR blogu prenosi</a> reportažu <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7964302.stm">BBCa </a>o povećanju nataliteta u Gruziji i svojstvenom načinu kako su to postigli. <span id="more-1208"></span></span></p>
<p><em>Two years after having one of the lowest birth rates in the world, Georgia is enjoying something of a baby boom, following an intervention from the country&#8217;s most senior cleric.</em></p>
<p><em>At the end of 2007, in a move to reverse the Caucasian country&#8217;s dwindling birth figures, the head of the Georgian Orthodox Church, Patriarch Ilia II, came up with an incentive. He promised to personally baptise any baby born to parents of more than two children. There was only one catch: the baby had to be born after the initiative was launched. </em></p>
<p><em>The results are, in the words of the Georgian Orthodox Church, &#8220;a miracle&#8221;. The country&#8217;s birth rate increased by nearly 20% during 2008 &#8211; a rate four times faster than the previous year. Many parents say they took the decision to have another child on the basis of the Patriarch&#8217;s incentive. </em></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Zanimljivo. Iako je 80% stanovništva Hrvatske katoličke vjere, kao što je 80% Gruzijaca pravoslavne, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">nažalost sigurno je da isti prijedlog kardinala Bozanića ne bi polučio iste rezultate</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">. (Kad i bi, bojim se da bi Crkva tu vidjela dobru priliku za zaradu za svako krštenje, što izgleda pravoslavci nisu.) </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Korektno i bitno je je pitati da li se radi samo o intertemporalnoj substituciji &#8211; obitelji/žene će samo imati djecu ranije, ne nužno i više djece. No, za male zemlje, sa iznimno niskom stopom nataliteta, kojima prijeti demografski </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">(pa tako i ekonomski) </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">kolaps u obliku dvostruko manjeg stanovništva za par desetljeća, to pitanje postaje sporedno. Jedna od tih zemalja je i Hrvatska i kritična demografska projekcija je jedina, vjerojatno najvažnija, dugoročna prijetnja za budućnost Hrvatske. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Nešto radikalnije treba učniti, pa i ako su rezultati nejasni.<br />
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Paradoksalno je da je državni aktivizam </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">(uglavnom sa negativnim rezultatima)</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> prisutan gdje mu nije mjesto, u mnogobrojnim ekonomskim i socijalnim sferama, a u demografskoj gdje država jedina vjerojatno može značajnije i korisno utjecati na stopu nataliteta se drži postrani. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Pošto poticaj na Gruzijski način ne bi polučio rezultate u Hrvatskoj, što drugo možemo pokušati? Kao i u mnogim drugim pitanjima, Estonija možda ima lekciju za nas.</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> Estonci su osmislili odvažan poticaj da podignu svoju stopu nataliteta &#8211; počeli su plaćati žene da imaju djecu. Mehanizam je malo sofisticiraniji od mog &#8216;sirovog&#8217; opisa i podrazumjeva tkz. &#8220;majčinsku plaću&#8221; &#8211; žene u radnom odnosu, što je većina žena u Estoniji, koje nakon poroda ostanu doma, plaćene su čitavu prijašnju plaću za 15 mjeseci, do iznosa od otprilike 1500 eura na mjesec. Nije loše s obzirom da je prosječna neto mjesečna plaća u Estoniji oko 500 eura. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">I Hrvatskoj postoje određeni iznosi za rodilje (i neke proimjene su se najavljivale za ovu godinu) ali sa puno kraćima vremenskim <a href="http://www.ringeraja.hr/porodiljne-naknade_433.html">limitima </a>i manjim <a href="http://www.ringeraja.hr/porodiljne-naknade_433.html">iznosima </a>(1600 do 2500 kuna) teško da bi to mogli smatrati poticajima poput naknada u Estoniji. Iako se konačna ocjena ovih poticaja može vidjeti tek nakon više godina, određeni tentativni rezultati u Estoniji se naziru. Stopa fertilnosti (prosječan broj djece koje žena ima tokom života) se popela sa 1.4 2004. kad je program pokrenut na 1.7 2008. I to je i dalje ispod 2.1, potrebnih za održavanje sadašnjeg broja stanovnika, ali izgleda da pravi poticaji donose i rezultate. Estonci bi to sigurno rekli. Mnoge žene u Estoniji otvoreno kažu da ne bi imale djete ili još jedno, bez ovih izdašnih poticaja. No Estonija nije stala samo na ovome i gleda (ako već i nije implementirala nove politike) za daljnje poticanje stope fertilnosti.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> Hrvatska stopa je efektivno stagnirala u međuvremenu i tako će vjerojatno i ostati ukoliko se ne uvedu značajni, ozbiljni poticaji koji prepoznavaju ozbiljnost demografske situacije. Nešto ekvivalentno Estonskom programu &#8211; 12 do 15 mjeseci naknade nakon rođenja, u punom iznosu prijašnje plaće uz značajniji dodatak, isto do limita 1500 eura na mjesec bez ustručavanja. Umjesto u razna druga društvena područja gdje Vlada gura prste i subvencira bez rezultata, ovo je svakako područje gdje bi se trebala preusmjeriti sredstva pa i ako se ne može znati da li će poticaji biti potpuno uspiješni. Rizik ako se ne učini ništa je ogroman.<br />
</span></p>
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</span></p>
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		<title>EU, Ukrajina, Koreja</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2009/03/04/eu-ukrajina-koreja/</link>
		<comments>http://cronomy.org/2009/03/04/eu-ukrajina-koreja/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 04 Mar 2009 21:45:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Ekonomska Politika]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[In English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kriza]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Zapošljavanje]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eastern Europe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[World Bank & IMF]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cronomy.org/?p=1129</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[EU je odbila Istočnu Europu &#8230; Ms. Merkel said she couldn&#8217;t see the need for a broad grant of aid to Eastern Europe. &#8220;The situation is very different&#8221; in Europe&#8217;s economies. &#8220;We cannot compare Slovakia nor Slovenia with Hungary,&#8221; she told reporters. &#8230; But both the bailout and calls for Eastern European countries to join [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&#038;blog=994071&#038;post=1129&#038;subd=cronomy&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"><a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123591435325503221.html">EU je odbila Istočnu Europu</a> &#8230; <span id="more-1129"></span></span></p>
<p>Ms. Merkel said she couldn&#8217;t see the need for a broad grant of aid to Eastern Europe. &#8220;The situation is very different&#8221; in Europe&#8217;s economies. &#8220;We cannot compare Slovakia nor Slovenia with Hungary,&#8221; she told reporters.</p>
<p>&#8230;</p>
<p>But both the bailout and calls for Eastern European countries to join the euro sooner were coolly received by Western European nations. Ms. Merkel and French President Nicolas Sarkozy both separately suggested that Eastern countries should look elsewhere &#8212; to the International Monetary Fund, for instance &#8212; for help.</p>
<p>Behind the tensions: The recession has struck the 27 EU nations with widely varying force. Large and steady economies such as Germany&#8217;s are facing an inevitable slowdown, but smaller peripheral states such as Latvia, Bulgaria and even Ireland have been brutally whipsawed from an era of heady growth to shockingly fast decline.</p>
<p>The impact on Eastern Europe, which boomed in recent years, has been especially intense. Latvia, which financed its own expansion by borrowing from abroad, is literally running out of money as the credit crunch shuts those spigots off. Last week, Standard &amp; Poor&#8217;s cut Latvia&#8217;s credit rating to junk.</p>
<p>And, as some in Eastern Europe warned, deep pain could well emerge elsewhere. All eyes are on Ireland, which is slashing public-sector pay as it scrambles to close a budget deficit that could reach nearly 10% of gross-domestic product. A protest last month in Dublin drew more than 100,000 people. &#8230;</p>
<p>The EU&#8217;s disinclination to fund a regional bailout suggests that the IMF and other multilateral institutions will take on an even larger role in coming months &#8212; a role that IMF officials have said they recognize. The IMF is looking to double its war chest for lending to $500 billion, and the EU is weighing whether or not to make a loan for that purpose. Last week, the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the European Investment Bank said they would provide €24.5 billion in financing for banks in Eastern Europe.</p>
<p>The IMF has been active on Europe&#8217;s periphery: Iceland, Hungary, Latvia and Ukraine have turned to the agency for aid.</p>
<p>Most critical was the cold shoulder from Germany, which, as Europe&#8217;s largest economy and the one with most access to borrowing, would play the largest role in financing any aid. Germany, the EU&#8217;s strongest economy, is unwilling to unwind its own fiscal discipline to pay for the spending excesses of others. Admitting countries with weaker finances could hurt the strength of the euro or push up inflation across the euro zone.</p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/02/world/europe/02ukraine.html?_r=1&amp;ref=economy">&#8230;Ukrajina puca&#8230;</a><br />
</span></p>
<p>Steel and chemical factories, once the muscle of Ukraine’s economy, are dismissing thousands of workers. Cities have had days without heat or water because they cannot pay their bills, and Kiev’s subway service is being threatened. Lines are sprouting at banks, the currency is wilting and even a government default seems possible.</p>
<p>Ukraine, once considered a worldwide symbol of an emerging, free-market democracy that had cast off authoritarianism, is teetering. And its predicament poses a real threat for other European economies and former Soviet republics. &#8230;</p>
<p>It is not hard to understand why world leaders are increasingly worried about the discontent and the financial crisis in Ukraine, which has 46 million people and a highly strategic location. A small country like Latvia or Iceland is one thing, but a collapse in Ukraine could wreck what little investor confidence is left in Eastern Europe, whose formerly robust economies are being badly strained. &#8230;</p>
<p>While Ukraine’s economy is dependent on exports of steel and chemicals, which have plummeted, the crisis has cut deeply because people are disillusioned with the government. &#8230;</p>
<p>In February, the <a title="More articles about the International Monetary Fund." href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/i/international_monetary_fund/index.html?inline=nyt-org">International Monetary Fund</a> refused to release the next installment of a $16.4 billion rescue loan to Ukraine because the government would not adhere to an earlier agreement to pare its budget. On Friday, the monetary fund projected that Ukraine’s economy would shrink by 6 percent this year, and said that it was continuing to work with the government to find a way to disburse the rest of the rescue loan.</p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> &#8230;Korejancima <a href="http://blogs.cfr.org/setser/2009/01/11/this-really-doesnt-look-good/">opako pada izvoz</a>, <a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123603944366614685.html">pa režu plaće</a>.<br />
</span></p>
<p>Shinchang Electrics Co. offered union leaders a proposal that would reduce wages at the auto-parts company by 20% in exchange for no layoffs among its 810 workers this year. Eight days later, the union agreed.</p>
<p>The deal is one sign of the unusual way South Korea is grappling with the global economic crisis. Across the country, executives, salaried employees and hourly workers at companies from banks to shipbuilders are joining to slash wages and other costs with the goal of avoiding layoffs&#8230;.</p>
<p>In South Korea, job preservation is the government&#8217;s biggest goal in shaping its response to the onset of recession, President Lee Myung-bak declared in January. Last week, leaders of major industry groups, unions, civic groups and government ministries struck a &#8220;grand bargain for social unity.&#8221; Under the plan, which isn&#8217;t legally binding, employers won&#8217;t fire workers, unions will accept wage freezes or cuts, and the government will provide tax breaks to companies that preserve jobs&#8230;.</p>
<p>Some other countries and companies are also attempting to stave off massive job cuts by asking workers to scale back hours, take pay cuts or schedule time off without pay. Last week, Ford Motor Co. Chairman Bill Ford and Chief Executive Alan Mulally agreed to take 30% cuts in salary for two years to help win union support for capping wages. In Canada, a United Steelworkers union of nearly 600 salaried employees agreed in January to a four-day work week to avoid layoffs.</p>
<p>However, no place seems to be making such a coordinated national push as South Korea. It&#8217;s too soon to tell precisely what the country&#8217;s no-layoff drive will produce, whether a viable means to cope with recession or a mere delay of painful job cuts&#8230;.</p>
<p>The current economic crisis hit South Korea later than other countries because its banks had little exposure to distressed property investments in the U.S. But South Korea was slapped hard when the banking crisis turned into an economic one, leading to job losses and lower consumer spending in the U.S. and Europe.</p>
<p>Demand for the electronics, steel, cars and other products South Korea sells to those places fell sharply, sending its fourth-quarter gross domestic product down at an annualized rate of 21%, the biggest drop of any developed country &#8212; and more than three times the U.S. rate of 6.2%.</p>
<p>South Korea didn&#8217;t face a drop in exports during its two previous recessions, which meant it could recover relatively quickly. Today, exports account for about two-thirds of South Korea&#8217;s near-$1 trillion GDP, up from about one-third in 1998. And the shock of a rapid drop in shipments &#8212; down 17% in February from the previous February after a decline of 32.8% in January &#8212; is rippling through the country&#8217;s manufacturing base. The country&#8217;s weakened currency has provided some cushion to corporate profits, since it means that money earned abroad is worth more when converted to the Korean won.</p>
<p>An entrenched cultural force is also at the heart of the push to avoid layoffs at all costs. Like many Asian societies, South Korea&#8217;s is more communal than individualistic. The loss of a job can be deeply humiliating and also mean the loss of a kind of second home. All but the smallest employers offer benefits such as education and weekend getaways&#8230;.</p>
<p><strong>Sharing the Cuts </strong></p>
<p>In the 1998 recession, Shinchang and its union agreed to a similar pay cut. A year later, as the country started to recover, the company boosted pay for workers above their pre-recession salaries by 20% for the next two years before returning to its normal wage agreement.</p>
<p>Nothing in the latest agreement specifies that Shinchang will boost wages above current levels after the economy recovers, but Park Jong-nam, the company&#8217;s personnel manager, says it is likely. And Mr. Shim, who molds ignition components, says, &#8220;They didn&#8217;t say they would reward this, but we trust them.&#8221;</p>
<p>In January, the Federation of Korean Trade Unions, the second-largest umbrella group of unions, and the Korean Employers Federation, a group representing midsize companies, proposed the building of a national consensus on layoffs and wage cuts. A series of meetings followed that produced the broad agreement last week.</p>
<p>&#8220;We find it&#8217;s getting more serious than the [1997-98] period,&#8221; said Kang Choong-ho, a spokesman for the Federation of Korean Trade Unions. &#8220;This time we thought we must keep jobs and yield what we can, sharing the pain.&#8221;</p>
<p>But the endgame in South Korea may turn out to be more painful. At a news conference early last month, LG Electronics Co. CEO Nam Yong said he&#8217;s watching the cost savings that the firm&#8217;s Japanese rivals are achieving by cutting jobs, and he will try to match them. &#8220;There are no reasons to lay off staff for now,&#8221; Mr. Nam said. Down the line, he added, &#8220;It&#8217;s difficult to give a clear answer.&#8221;</p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">(Naravno, mi nismo Koreja.)</span></p>
<br />Postano uEkonomska Politika, Europa, In English, Kriza, News-Vijesti, Nezaposlenost, Recesija, Sindikati, Troškovi, Unemployment, Zapošljavanje  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/cronomy.wordpress.com/1129/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/cronomy.wordpress.com/1129/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/cronomy.wordpress.com/1129/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/cronomy.wordpress.com/1129/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/cronomy.wordpress.com/1129/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/cronomy.wordpress.com/1129/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/cronomy.wordpress.com/1129/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/cronomy.wordpress.com/1129/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/cronomy.wordpress.com/1129/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/cronomy.wordpress.com/1129/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/cronomy.wordpress.com/1129/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/cronomy.wordpress.com/1129/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/cronomy.wordpress.com/1129/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/cronomy.wordpress.com/1129/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&#038;blog=994071&#038;post=1129&#038;subd=cronomy&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>Njihov problem je naš problem</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2009/02/26/njihov-problem-je-nas-problem/</link>
		<comments>http://cronomy.org/2009/02/26/njihov-problem-je-nas-problem/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2009 03:46:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Ekonomska Politika]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Finance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eastern Europe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EU/Euro]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[FinancialCrisis]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Daniel Gros na VoxEU.org blogu piše o težini i posljedicama problema Istočne Europe za &#8220;jezgru&#8221; Europe. Ističe kako su manji problem deficiti na tekućim računima platne bilance zemalja Istočne Europe; tečajni padovi bi ih mogli ispraviti za neke zemlje. Po njegovom mišljenju, čak i pretjerane deprecijacije valuta velikih zemalja ne bi stvorile nesnošljive probleme za [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&#038;blog=994071&#038;post=1086&#038;subd=cronomy&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"><a href="http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/3138">Daniel Gros na VoxEU.org</a> blogu piše o težini i posljedicama problema Istočne Europe za &#8220;jezgru&#8221; Europe. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Ističe kako su manji problem deficiti na tekućim računima platne bilance zemalja Istočne Europe; tečajni padovi bi ih mogli ispraviti za neke zemlje. Po njegovom mišljenju, čak i pretjerane deprecijacije valuta velikih zemalja</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> ne bi stvorile nesnošljive probleme za bankovne bilance i kućanstva izložena valutnom riziku. (Hrvatska se tu nigdje ne spominje illi uklapa u rad.) Tako umjesto potpomognutih financiranja tekućih računa, zalaže se za uspostavljanje fonda za financijsku stabilnost koji bi kreditirao korporacije i kapitalizirao banke Istočne Europe jer za njihovu stabilnost, i tako čitave europe po mišljenju autora, protok kredita je nužno potreban.<br />
</span></p>
<p>As if core Europe did not have enough problems of its own, a new threat has arisen – collapse of the European periphery. The deteriorating foreign exchange and financial conditions of satellite countries in the euro area – from the Baltic region to Eastern Europe, Turkey and Ukraine, not to mention the imploded Icelandic financial system – add yet another source of uncertainty.</p>
<p><strong>Their problems are our problems</strong></p>
<p>The problems in Eastern Europe weigh particularly on the financial solidity of EU banks. EU banks provided the backbone of the banking and financial system in those countries and therefore they are now much exposed to the consequences of mounting capital flights and currency attacks in those countries.</p>
<p>EU banks are not yet strong enough to face additional losses from this front since, despite huge government rescue plans; they have in aggregate received little new capital (less than €200 billion for the entire euro zone). The Bank of International Settlements estimates that European banks hold somewhat more than $600 billion of cross-border claims on emerging European economies (probably 90% of the reported total of around $700 billion).<a href="http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/3138#fn"><sup>1</sup></a></p>
<p>When all European banks run for the exit (e.g. by refusing to roll over credit lines that come due or to extend further credit to their subsidiaries), they will be increasing their own losses.</p>
<p>&#8230;.</p>
<p><strong>Systemic stress requires a systemic response by the EU: The EFSF</strong></p>
<p>In this environment of continuing systemic stress on the banking system, the case-by-case approach at the national level must be abandoned in favour of an ambitious EU-wide approach. <strong>The EU should set up a massive European Financial Stability Fund (EFSF)</strong>. Given the scale of the problem facing European banks, the fund would probably have to be of substantial scale, involving about 5% of EU GDP or around €500–700 billion.<a href="http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/3138#fn"><sup>2</sup></a> This is more than might be needed for Eastern Europe, but the crisis is certain to get worse before a recovery begins, and it would be better to have such an instrument ready to face further emergencies. Most of the funds (say, 80%) would probably be used to provide credits (or buy existing ones at a discount), the remainder would be for capital injections, which would make the European Investment Bank (EIB) a major shareholder in the Eastern European subsidiaries of EU banks and probably also a major shareholder of in those EU banks most exposed to Eastern European risk. Eastern European banking systems would effectively be ‘Europeanised’.</p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Ostatak teksta i grafova <a href="http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/3138">ovdje</a>. </span></p>
<br />Postano uEkonomska Politika, Europa, Finance  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/cronomy.wordpress.com/1086/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/cronomy.wordpress.com/1086/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/cronomy.wordpress.com/1086/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/cronomy.wordpress.com/1086/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/cronomy.wordpress.com/1086/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/cronomy.wordpress.com/1086/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/cronomy.wordpress.com/1086/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/cronomy.wordpress.com/1086/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/cronomy.wordpress.com/1086/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/cronomy.wordpress.com/1086/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/cronomy.wordpress.com/1086/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/cronomy.wordpress.com/1086/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/cronomy.wordpress.com/1086/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/cronomy.wordpress.com/1086/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&#038;blog=994071&#038;post=1086&#038;subd=cronomy&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>Oh, oh</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2009/02/21/oh-oh/</link>
		<comments>http://cronomy.org/2009/02/21/oh-oh/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 21 Feb 2009 07:19:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Banke i Financije]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Finance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Monetarna]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[News/Vijesti]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[U posljednjih tjedan dana došlo je do prave navale vijesti o ekonomijama i valutama Istočne Europe. Sve priče se vrte oko bojazni za veliku zaduženost tih zemalja, pogotovo u stranim valutama, te usporavanja ekonomskog rasta što će samo otežati otplatu dugova. U isto vrijeme, deprecijacije valuta diljem Istočne europe bi mogle povećati tu zaduženost. Kod [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&#038;blog=994071&#038;post=1072&#038;subd=cronomy&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">U posljednjih tjedan dana došlo je do prave navale vijesti o ekonomijama i valutama Istočne Europe. Sve priče se vrte oko bojazni za veliku zaduženost tih zemalja, pogotovo u stranim valutama, te usporavanja ekonomskog rasta što će samo otežati otplatu dugova. U isto vrijeme, deprecijacije valuta diljem Istočne europe bi mogle povećati tu zaduženost. Kod nas još kolaju ideje da će deprecijacija omogućiti rast kroz nekakav čarobni izvoz u ovo doba. <a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123514459666133921.html">Ovo je samo </a>posljednja vijest u nizu. </span></p>
<p><a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123514459666133921.html"><strong>Latvia&#8217;s Government Is the Latest in Europe to Fail </strong></a></p>
<p><em>Nation&#8217;s Latest Turmoil Over Economy, Following Leadership Collapses in Belgium and Iceland, Sparks New Fears of Contagion</em></p>
<p>By ALAN CULLISON<em><br />
</em></p>
<p>Latvia&#8217;s prime minister and cabinet resigned Friday, making it the third European government, after Iceland and Belgium, to be toppled by the economic crisis.</p>
<p>The fall of the Baltic country&#8217;s center-right coalition government &#8212; following weeks of political instability as the Latvian economy nosedives after years of strong growth &#8212; deepens worries that eastern Europe&#8217;s economic problems could send fresh shockwaves to its neighbors in the west.</p>
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<div class="insettipUnit"><cite></cite>Latvia&#8217;s Prime Minister Ivars Godmanis, who resigned, and President Valdis Zatlers, attend a news conference in Riga Friday. The government coalition collapsed, making it the third government to fall victim to the global financial crisis.</div>
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<p>Latvian President Valdis Zatlers called for talks to patch together a new government, after accepting the resignation of Prime Minister Ivars Godmanis, in office since December 2007. He stepped down after the two largest parties in the ruling coalition said they had lost confidence in him.</p>
<p><strong>Analysts say the political turmoil likely spells trouble for a €7.5 billion ($9.5 billion) International Monetary Fund loan program Latvia agreed to last year, which has helped underpin Latvia&#8217;s currency, the lat.</strong></p>
<p>The government collapse could scuttle an unpopular austerity program that Latvia agreed to in order to avoid a currency devaluation. In January, social and political tensions exploded into some of the worst rioting since the collapse of the Soviet Union on 1991.</p>
<p><strong>Any devaluation of the lat would likely have a knock-on effect elsewhere in the Baltics and in Scandinavia, whose banks were big lenders to Latvia and other Baltic states in the form of euro-denominated loans.</strong></p>
<p>The turmoil in Latvia comes amid fears that weakening currencies in Eastern Europe could cause new defaults with western banks, and worsen the economic spiral in Europe. Shares of Scandinavian banks sank on news of the government resignation Friday, as did the value of the Swedish currency, the kronor.</p>
<p>Latvia&#8217;s news comes after the economic crisis also claimed the governments of Belgium and Iceland. In late January, Iceland&#8217;s leadership resigned after virtually the nation&#8217;s entire banking system collapsed and the island&#8217;s currency went into free fall.</p>
<p>On Friday came new data that the contraction in Europe is accelerating. A major purchasing managers index measuring private-sector activity in the euro zone hit a record low in January, the Markit Economics research firm said.</p>
<p>The data coincided with another report showing French business confidence in January at its lowest ebb since sentiment was first gauged in 1976.</p>
<p>European Union finance ministers are planning to discuss the Eastern European banking sector and &#8220;possible coordinated action&#8221; on Sunday at a summit of EU leaders of the Group of 20 nations in Berlin, a senior German finance ministry official said Friday.</p>
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<p>He added that this coordination would include the World Bank, European Investment Bank and European Bank of Reconstruction and Development. Increasing funds from the IMF would also be an option, he said, as the organization has around $200 billion at its disposal for bailout efforts and is seeking to more than double that.</p>
<p><strong>Analysts have warned that Latvia is a particularly weak link in East Europe&#8217;s financial system because of an overvalued currency and large private sector debt denominated in euros.</strong></p>
<p><strong>The government last year turned to the IMF and a consortium of European countries for its loan to cover a ballooning current-account deficit. As part of the agreement, Latvia decided to resist a devaluation and launch an austerity program.</strong></p>
<p>The economy&#8217;s decline has accelerated under the plan, with output falling more than 10% in the fourth quarter of 2008 from the previous year, meeting a common yardstick for a depression. On Wednesday the Finance Ministry predicted that gross domestic product would fall 12% this year.</p>
<p>Latvia&#8217;s president had pressured the government to cut back on the number of ministries to win back public trust. But the coalition of four ruling parties had been unable to reach a consensus.</p>
<p><strong>If Latvia devalues its currency, Lithuania and Estonia, whose economies are closely entwined with Latvia&#8217;s, would likely follow suit.</strong></p>
<p><cite class="tagline">—Andrea Thomas and Paul Hannon contributed to this article.</cite></p>
<p><strong>Write to </strong>Alan Cullison at <a href="mailto:alan.cullison@wsj.com">alan.cullison@wsj.com</a></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"><br />
</span></p>
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		<title>Teret i zamke €</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2009/01/27/teret-i-zamke-e/</link>
		<comments>http://cronomy.org/2009/01/27/teret-i-zamke-e/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 27 Jan 2009 18:46:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kamate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Porezni Prihod]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Recesija]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cronomy.org/?p=999</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[NYT donosi priču upozorenja o ulasku u euro zonu, a lekciju bi mogli proširiti i u domenu samogu ulaska u Eurospku Uniju. Ako ekonomija ima jednu lekciju koja nedostaje drugim disciplinama to je da baš sve ima koristi i troškove. Političarima ta lekcija legne najteže, a najpoželjnije je nikada je i ne naučiti. Pojedinost koja [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&#038;blog=994071&#038;post=999&#038;subd=cronomy&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/24/business/worldbusiness/24euro.html?_r=1&amp;pagewanted=all">NYT donosi priču</a> upozorenja o ulasku u euro zonu, a lekciju bi mogli proširiti i u domenu samogu ulaska u Eurospku Uniju. Ako ekonomija ima jednu lekciju koja nedostaje drugim disciplinama to je da baš sve ima koristi i troškove. Političarima ta lekcija legne najteže, a najpoželjnije je nikada je i ne naučiti. <span id="more-999"></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Pojedinost koja se malo iznosi kroz sve diskusije oko pregovora i ulaska u EU ili adaptiranja eura je jednostavno da to nije riješenje za sve ekonomske i društvene probleme u zemlji. Koristi obaju članstva su veće od troškova, pogotovo inicialnih. Ulazak u EU i euro zonu otvara mogućnosti trgovine na velikom i stabilnom tržištu, slobodnijem protoku resursa i izolira nas od valutnih rizika. Ali u isto vrijeme ne riješava probleme konkurentnosti, prevelike zaduženosti (kreditne krize) ili solventnosti države. Primjerice iz članka:<br />
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<p><em>Now, in the middle of the worst economic downturn since the euro’s birth, a new view is emerging — especially as the creditworthiness of Greece, Spain and Portugal, one after the other, has been downgraded. The view is that the balm of euro membership allowed these countries to gloss over serious economic problems that have now roared to the fore.</em></p>
<p><em>“Membership is not a panacea for a country’s social and economic problems,” said Simon Tilford, the chief economist at the Center for European Reform in London. </em></p>
<p><em>“In fact, there has been a huge divergence in competitiveness that shows up in massive trade imbalances,” he said, comparing Greece with the wealthier euro countries. “While Greece may have been insulated from the risk of a currency crisis, there is also the risk of a credit crisis and a collapse of confidence in its solvency.”</em></p>
<p><em>While sharing a currency with some of the mightiest economies in the world helped Europe’s poorer nations share in the wealth, a boon during boom times, in hard times the rules of membership are keeping them from doing what countries normally do to ride out economic storms, including enormous spending. </em></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Treba biti pažljiv i sa razmišljanje i stavom, pogotovo ako ga se političari drže, da ulaskom u euro zonu (ili EU) postajemo članica sa jednakim pravima. Sam ulazak je ponosan i koristan čin, ali prvo ćemo postati članica na periferiji čije ponašanje i poslušnost pravilima će biti pažljivo promatrano. Perspektiva za ekonomski razvoj ostaje u našim rukama i potezi Vlade će biti nagrađeni ili kažnjeni na sofisticarnijem levelu od samih rudimentarnih izbora svake 4 godine. Veliki u europskoj komisiji neće mijenjati pravila &#8220;samo za nas&#8221; i europska tržišta neće reagirati blaže jer smo novi u EU, jer smo slabije razvijeni i tome slično. Kao nova članica na periferiji, održavanje stabilnosti u lošim vremenima će nam biti zapravo teže, a u dobrim vremenima ćemo se morati razborito ponašati razumijeći da samo zato jer smo u EU i imamo euro nismo i na istom levelu bogatstva. Upravo to je zamka.<br />
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<p><em>So Germany, France and the Scandinavian countries are mounting billion-dollar stimulus plans and erecting fences to protect their banks. But the <strong>peripheral </strong>economies are being left to twist in the market winds.</em></p>
<p><em>With the need for stimulus to deal with the severe downturn, these countries find themselves caught in an<strong> awful policy bind:</strong> credit is available, but only at punitive rates; and further borrowing not only breaks with European Commission dictates but raises broader questions about their solvency.</em></p>
<p><em>Bond and currency speculators have demonstrated that they intend to punish countries with dubious economic prospects, just as they have punished banks. Yields are skyrocketing on the debt of <strong>peripheral</strong> European economies with growing deficits. The British pound has plummeted because of a lack of confidence in plans to shore up British banks.</em></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Neke od tih ekonomija na periferiji euro zone &#8211; Grčka, Portugal, Španjolska, Irska &#8211; su donedavno bile zvijezde ekonomskog razvoja. Španjolska, a i Irska, su bile najveći stvaraoci poslova u bloku, a sada Španjolska očekuje pad BDPa od 2% u 2009. i najveću nezaposlenost u euro zoni, od 16%. Kreditni rejting joj je već smanjen, a isto se očekuje i za Irsku i Portugal. Za Irsku se očekuje pad od 5%. Grčka, gdje je svemoguća Vlada ponajviše odgovorna za javni dug od 90% BDPa, je vjerojatno najgore pogođena. No sada kada je ekonomska aktivnost u slobodnom padu i antirecesijski stimulus nužan u svim zemljama euro zone, neke zemlje euro zone su više jednake od drugih. Graf niže pokazuje koliko više neke zemlje euro zone moraju platiti za svoja zaduživanja i koliko manje povjerenje uživaju, iako su do jučer uživale status zvijezda.<br />
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		<title>Komentar na Latinicu o socijalizmu i o produktivnosti</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2008/11/03/komentar-na-latinicu-o-socijalizmu-i-o-produktivnosti/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 03 Nov 2008 22:59:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Ekonomska Politika]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mikroekonomija]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hrvatska Ekonomija]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nordijski Model]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Produktivnost]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[radni odnosi]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cronomy.wordpress.com/?p=815</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Znam, prošlo je već dva tjedna od prikazivanja Latinice sa temom socijalizma. Unatoč tome par riječi bi trebalo napisati jer je jedna tema razgovora, koja je kako se meni činilo najavljena a onda zanemarena, od iznimne važnosti. Jedna od premisa je bila da se o socijalizmu kao alternativnom ekonomskom sistemu u Hrvatskoj nije moglo raspravljati [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&#038;blog=994071&#038;post=815&#038;subd=cronomy&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Znam, prošlo je već dva tjedna od prikazivanja <em>Latinice</em> sa temom socijalizma. Unatoč tome par riječi bi trebalo napisati jer je jedna tema razgovora, koja je kako se meni činilo najavljena a onda zanemarena, od iznimne važnosti. <span id="more-815"></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Jedna od premisa je bila da se o socijalizmu kao alternativnom ekonomskom sistemu u Hrvatskoj nije moglo raspravljati jer se htjelo odmaknuti od i prekinuti sa ne tako davnom prošlosti. Latin je valjda mislio na političku i akademsku zajednicu koja je izbjegavala te rasprave. Uglavnom, sada zbog krize kapitalizma &#8211; koji je riječima Latina &#8220;<em>zasnovan </em>na liberalnoj tržišnoj ekonomiji&#8221; što upućuje na to da se pod kapitalizmom smatra političko i ekonomskom društveno uređenje, tj. da postoji i kapitalizam bez tržišne ekonomije -  socijalizam se kao društveno uređenje navodno pojavljuje kao alternativa. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Znači, vidljivo je da su kapitalizam i socijalizma predstavljeni kao ukupna, ekonomska i politička, društvena uređenja, ne samo kao ekonomski sistemi koji služe ka nekom cilju. Ja nisam svijestan da je kapitalizam kao društveno uređenje u krizi u većini država svijeta i da se aktivno planira u glavama birača da ga smjene u korist alternative. Pogotovo ne socijalizma. Financijska kriza je ne mali problem te usporavanje gospodarskog rasta i porast nezaposlenosti je svakako nepoželjno, no Kina, po mnogima najkapitalističkih zemalja danas, nema namjeru napustiti svoj ekonomski sistem i politiku i vratiti se Velikom Skoku Naprijed.<br />
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<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Zapravo, izmjenična upotreba termina socijalizam i kapitalizam je bila ponešto zbunjujuća jer nije bilo jasno što se točno mislilo pod njima. S</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">ocijalizam, a po tom pitanju ni kapitalizam, nijednom tokom emisije nije definiran u ekonomskom smislu, onako kako bi ja to odmah formirao u glavi. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Zapravo, socijalizam se predstavio kao oblik društvenog uređenja i tako je razgovor, na moje razočaranje, više bio usmjeren u sociološkom i povijesnom smjeru nego ekonomskom. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Latin je upitao gosta dr. Branka Caratana da objasni, na primjeru Švedske kako to socijalizam i kapitalizam može postojati u isto vrijeme na istom mjestu, pošto je našoj javnosti to zbunjujuće. Švedska ima tržišnu kapitalističku ekonomiju, a </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">primjer je uspiješnog socijalističkog pokreta </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">jer je ona uspijela zadržati &#8220;programe socijalne reforme&#8221; i državne intervencije u sve pore društva uz visoku ekonomsku efikasnost.</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> Po tome, reklo bi se da visoki porezi i visoka potrošnja na programe društvenog blagostanja zadovoljava definiciju socijalizma tokom emisije. Ne bi se baš složio </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">i razmišljanja bi sigurno varirala, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">ali nije mi cilj polemizirati. Ustvari, smatram da je nepotrebno polemizirati oko definicija i naziva Švedskog društvenog uređenja socijalizmom. Ljudi u Hrvatskoj brzo pokazuju na Švedsku kao primjer socijalističkog sistema, a zaboravljaju da je ekonomski ipak kapitalištička ekonomija slobodnog tržišta, privatnog vlasništva, potpuno otvorena za dotok stranih investicija, radne snage i međunarodnu trgovinu. Jasno je rečeno da Švedska ima specifično jaku socijalnu državu koja ipak počiva i, još važnije, <em>izgrađena je</em> <em>na</em> kapitalističkim temeljima. U ekonomskoj literaturi i terminima to je poznato kao Nordijski model, ne socijalizam. Jeffrey Sachs je gostovao na Bloombergu prije neki dan (<a href="http://media.bloomberg.com/bb/avfile/Economics/On_Economy/vx.nTT5IJnW0.mp3">link na mp3</a>) govoreći o nordijskom modelu i nije ga nijednom nazvao socijalizmom.<br />
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<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Uz to što je Švedska prikazana kao idealno </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">(socijalističko)</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> društveno uređenje, istaknuto je kao bitna stvar  da Švedska ima i iznimno visoku &#8220;ekonomsku efikasnost.&#8221; Konkretnije u uvodu je rečeno:</span></p>
<p><em>Švedska je zemlja koja je uspjela zadržati ekonomsku efikasnost, a istodobno zadržati na visokoj razini programe socijalnih reformi.</em></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Nažalost<em>, </em>kao što sam i predvidio bilo je malo razgovora o toj efikasnosti. <em>Ekonomska efikasnost </em>je uobičajena, svakodnevna riječ za <em>produktivnost &#8211; </em>jedan od najvažnijih koncepata i predmeta u ekonomiji. (Ekonomisti na poseban način razmljišljaju o konceptu efikasnosti.) Od posebnog je značaja da je baš produktivnost spomenuta. Prvo, mislim da je cilj u emisiji bio ukazati gledateljima na to da se može biti zemlja sa snažnim </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">socijalističkim pokretom, ili kako je u emisiji prikazano imati socijalizam,</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> a u isto vrijeme imati iznimno visoku produktivnost/efikasnost. Drugo, značajno je jer se unatoč iznimnoj važnosti koju produktivnost ima za standard života jedne zemlje (oprez ovdje!), ona se najmanje spominje i diskutira u medijima i društvu. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Nažalost u Hrvatskoj se dramatično malo spominje, u usporedbi sa razvijenima zemljama gdje se također malo spominje, ali više nego kod nas. Ekonomske diskusije se vrte oko kredita, vanjskog duga, deficita (državnog i vanjskog), industrijske proizvodnje i naravno Sv. turističke sezone. Kad dođe, ako dođe, do viška u državnom proračunu diskusija će se okrenuti; javnost će pobuniti da ih država oporezuje previše (s pravom).</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Produktivnost je tako iznimno malo zastupljena u ekonomskoj diskusiji, a ona je na kraju dana najvažniji faktor za porast životnog standarda, te je </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">u stvarnosti razlika u produktivnosti zaslužna za većinu razlike u prosječnom životnom standardu među zemljama.</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> Nisu porezi, nisu vanjski (ne)dug, nije postojanje državne banke, nije brodogradnja, nije turistička sezona, nisu programi blagostanja. Ta pitanja su bitna samo utoliko koliko utječu na produktivnost ili produktivnost utječe na njih. Koji je naš političar ikad pokrenuo raspravu o podizanju produktivnosti, faktorima koji utječu na produktivnost ili to uopće imao kao cilj tokom izborne kampanje? (Nigdje političari nemaju produktivnost kao izborni cilj zbog škakljive povezanosti sa zaposlenošću.) Krivica za nebrigu o predmetu produktivnosti djelomično leži i na hrvatskim ekonomistima koji o produktivnost i uzrocima njenog (ne)poboljšanja ne komuniciraju javnosti značajno. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Tako spominjanje i uvođenje teme produktivnosti u jednoj ovako prominentnijoj emisiji, ma koliko kratko i vrlo površno, je korak naprijed.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Što je uopće produktivnost? Bez puno filozofije, produktivnost je jednostavno količina outputa koji možemo proizvesti sa danom količinom inputa; mjeri koliko možemo proizvesti sa dostupnom količinom radnika, tehnologije i ostalih resursa. Veća produktivnost je bolja i poželjna jer omogućuje da se više dobara i usluga proizvede iz iste količine dostupnog rada, kapitala, resursa i znanja. Tako je produktivnost ključan faktor za povećanje životnog standarda, ne državna potrošnja na socijalne programe ili radni odnosi. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Zato onaj oprez prije.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Unatoč tome, nešto drugo se izlagalo u Latinici i informiralo gledatelje. Na početku emisije prikazana je reportaža o Švedskoj vrsti socijalizma. Može se sumirati da su dvije teme vodile reportažu &#8211; <em>uvijeti na radu i tržište rada</em> u Švedskoj (što ekonomisti zovu industrijski ili radni odnosi), te <em>socijalni programi i državno subvencioniranje</em>. Radni odnosi su kasnije ponovno prominentno prikazani u reportaži o tvornici stakla Vetropack d.d. u Zagorju. Riječima Latina, u njoj sve izgleda kao da je u socijalizmu, a iz reportaže saznajemo da je taj zaključak izveden opet zbog <em>radnih odnosa</em> &#8211; poštivanje petogodišnjih kolektivnih ugovora koji reguliraju povećanje plaća, bonuse, dodatno zdravstveno osiguranje, a i edukaciju. Nakon reportaže, Latin je upitao gosta emisije, jedan od direktora u Vetropacku Damir Gorup, zašto se kompanija odlučila za &#8220;pomalo mekani, pomalo socijalistički pristup&#8221; u organizaciji poduzeća. Odgovor je bio nedvosmislen &#8211; u pozadini svega je pitanje efikasnost, tj. produktivnost. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">U pozadini svega sigurno je produktivnost radnika, ali nažalost kroz reportaže i rasprave gostiju, o produktivnosti gledatelji ništa korisnog nisu saznali. Čak ni od Stanislava Antića, bivšeg direktora legendarno uspiješnog SASa, nismo saznali ništa o produktivnosti SASa, samo o 3.5 puta većim &#8220;republičkim&#8221; plaćama i raznim bonusima radnicima. Nostalgija za mase, jer na primjeru jednog poduzeća, ili par njih, nije moguće provoditi zaključke da je ondašnji </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">socijalizma u Hrvatskoj bio <em>efikasniji </em>od današnjeg kapitalizma</span>.</p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Zapravo, od svih informacija iznesenih, većina gledatelja će sigurno ishitreno skočiti na zaključak da zbog &#8220;mekanih, socijalističkih pristupa&#8221; bilo u Vetropacku d.d. ili Švedskoj, produktivnost je visoka. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Nekako se čini prirodno </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">da visoka produktivnost koju građani Švedske posjeduju ide ruku pod ruku sa visokim levelom socijalne potrošnje (socijalizam kako ga Latinica predstavlja) i &#8220;mekanim&#8221; pristupom u radnim odnosima. Države sa visokom produktivnošću radnika imaju i najugodnije, najudobnije radne odnose &#8211; sindikati su jaki, kolektivni ugovori dominiraju, naknada za nezaposlenost je visoka, sigurnost posla je veća, bolovanja duža i visoko plaćena. Zadovoljni radnici dobro i rade. Činjenica je i da Nordijske zemlje imaju visoku radnu produktivnost, iz godine u godinu višu čak i od zemalja sa liberalinijim, tvrđim, industrijskim odnosima, manjom zaštitom radničkih prava i manjom razinom &#8220;socijalizma&#8221; u kapitalizmu. Ta činjenica se u </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Hrvatskoj </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> olako ističe kao vrlo očita i prema tome kao ispravna paradigma za uvođenje u Hrvatskoj. Pa tko pametan to ne bi htio!?<br />
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">No, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">ekonomisti tu brzo namirišu dobro, staro i njima utuvljeno pravilo &#8211; korelacija ne znači i kauzacija. U cijeloj toj priči o socijalizmu, radnim odnosima nekad i danas, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">nema nikakvih informacija o tome da li industrijski odnosi i visoka socijalna potrošnja u stilu Švedske <em>uzrokuju </em>višu produktivnost.</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> Samo postojanje i veličina korelacije ne znači da postoji i uzročno-posljedična veza. Radni odnosi su mekši i državna potrošnja na socijalne programe je puno veća, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">u Švedskoj, ostalim Nordijskim zemljama i Z. Europi,</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> no to ne znači da to i <em>uzrokuje </em>veću produktivnost. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">U grubljoj verziji, ekonomisti ovo nazivaju pseudo-ekonomijom. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Na to vrlo temeljno pravilo je bitno ukazati i podsjećati jer se vrlo često, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">tokom diskusija </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">o potrebi restrukturiranja radnih odnosa u Hrvatskoj, ukazuje na primjer nordijskih zemalja koje su pune zaštite radničkih prava, visoke socijalne potrošnje, a opet imaju visoku produktivnost.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> Da, Hrvatske radne odnose treba promisliti i Hrvatski radnici moraju biti produktivniji, ali upiranje prsta na primjerice Švedske industrijske odnose i visoku produktuivnost njenih radnika ne govori nam ništa o tome kako to postići. Postoje puno bolji kandidati za objašnjenja visoke produktivnosti, koji je zapravo i uzrokuju &#8211; vještine kojima su radnici opremljeni, tehnologija kojom raspolažu i level inovacije. Bez poboljšanja ta tri faktora, nikakva količina i kvaliteta radnih odnosa iz bilo koje zemlje neće uzrokovati rast produktivnosti hrvatskog radnika i time njegovog životnog standarda. Povećanje životnog standarda se ne može <em>izzakonodaviti </em>odozgo.<br />
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Biti ću malo neoprezan i reći da </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">nedvojbeno načini i poticaji kojima menadžeri i poslodavci motiviraju svoje radnike imaju utjecaja i veze sa produktvnosti radnika, ali voljan sam kladiti se da je to više indirektne i spore i mutne prirode.</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;"> Žestoka debata političkih stranaka i sindikata, i njihovo samopouzdanje oko radnih odnosa i zakonskog okvira (meki vs. tvrdi) i njihovih utjecaja na radničku produktivnost je pretjerana. Nitko zapravo nema dovoljno uvjerljivih dokaza o vezi radnih odnosa i produktivnosti radnika.<br />
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Vezano za pitanje i nedorečenosti o uzročno-posljedično odnosu, je i staro pitanje što je došlo prije &#8211; kokoš ili jaje? Da li je Švedska postala zemlja sa jakim socijalističkim pokretom prije nego što je podigla svoju produktivnost i postala razmjerno bogata zemlja? Sumnjam. Dr. Branko Caratan je u emisiji naglasio da se Švedski socijalni model ne može samo tako emulirati/provesti u Hrvatskoj. Može biti pouka za određene probleme, ali naš je dohodak po stanovniku daleko niži od Švedskog da bi si mogli priuštiti Švedska riješenja i model. Taj visok dohodak koji Šveđani uživaju je postignut visokom produktivnošću. Znači, ipak je ona na prvom mjestu, kako bi radnici onda uzdržavali nordijski socijalni model. Kod nas sve naopako. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">Poanta &#8211; pripazite na pseudo ekonomska objašnjenja jednostavnih načina poboljšanja životnog standarda. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">P.S. Ja nisam sve prokomentirao, ali svi gosti su rekli pametne i zanimljive stvari.<br />
</span></p>
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		<title>&#8220;Vremenska prognoza&#8221; Europe</title>
		<link>http://cronomy.org/2008/10/26/vremenska-prognoza-europe/</link>
		<comments>http://cronomy.org/2008/10/26/vremenska-prognoza-europe/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 26 Oct 2008 19:33:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>cronomy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nezaposlenost]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Recesija]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EU/Euro]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[U odnosu na Srpanj kada je prevladavala mjestimična naoblaka uz povremene pljuskove (pravi ljetni neverini), jesen donosi trajnu naoblaku uz olujni vjetar i kišu. Link na interaktivnu vremensku mapu i članaka. Ekonomska slika nekad govori više od tisuću riječi. (Klik za uvećanje) Postano uEuropa, Nezaposlenost, Recesija<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=cronomy.org&#038;blog=994071&#038;post=779&#038;subd=cronomy&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana;">U odnosu na Srpanj kada je prevladavala mjestimična naoblaka uz povremene pljuskove (pravi ljetni neverini), jesen donosi trajnu naoblaku uz olujni vjetar i kišu. <a href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3af6c64c-9eb6-11dd-98bd-000077b07658.html?nclick_check=1">Link na interaktivnu vremensku mapu</a> i <a href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/68e101c0-9ecb-11dd-98bd-000077b07658.html">članaka</a>. Ekonomska slika nekad govori više od tisuću riječi. (Klik za uvećanje)<br />
</span></p>
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